Power Transmission System Analysis Against Faults and Attacks

✍ Scribed by Tamalika Chowdhury, Abhijit Chakrabarti, Chandan Kumar Chanda

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 241
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The present-day power grid is basically a complex power transmission network with risks of failure due to unplanned attacks and contingencies, and therefore, assessment of vulnerability of transmission network is important and the process is based on contingency approach. This book deals with the methods of assessment of the grid network vulnerability and addresses the grid collapse problem due to cascaded failures of the transmission network following an attack or an unplanned contingency. Basic mitigation aspects for the network has been explored and the immunity of such a power transmission network against vulnerable collapse has been described using mathematical models.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Motivation
1.2 Growth of Modern Large-Scale Power Systems
1.3 Complexity in Power Systems
1.3.1 Complexity and Complex Systems
1.3.1.1 Regular Networks
1.3.1.2 Random Networks
1.3.1.3 Small-World Networks
1.3.1.4 Scale-Free Networks
1.3.2 Power Grid as a Complex System
1.4 Transmission System Faults
1.5 Conventional Contingencies in Power Transmission Network
1.6 Threats and their Consequence in Power System Operation
1.7 Modelling of Power Transmission Network as Complex Network
1.8 Structural Property Analysis of Power Transmission Network
1.9 Complex Network Approach to Vulnerability Assessment of Power Transmission Network
1.10 Cyber Security and Vulnerability Towards Cascaded Collapse
References
Chapter 2 Traditional Approach in Analysis of Faults in Power System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Formation of [Y [sub(bus)] Matrix
2.3 Formation of [Y [sub(bus)] with Line Transformers Present
2.4 Concept of Symmetrical Component Analysis
2.5 Operator “a”
2.6 Symmetrical Component Representation
2.6.1 Determination of Sequence Components
2.7 Concept of Sequence Impedances
2.8 Sequence Component Models of Principal Power System Equipment
2.8.1 Generator Sequence Model
2.8.2 Sequence Network Model of Transformers
2.8.3 Sequence Impedance Circuit for Transmission Lines
2.8.4 Sequence Impedance Circuit for Motors
2.9 Three-Phase Power in Terms of Symmetrical Components
2.10 [Z[sub(bus)] Building (Step-by-Step Method)
2.10.1 A dding a Branch (or Link) Z[sub(b)] from a New Bus to the Reference Bus (Type 1 Modification)
2.10.2 Addition of a Branch (or Link) Z [sub(b)]from a New Bus to an Old Bus (Type 2 Modification)
2.10.3 Addition of a Branch (or Link) Z[sub(b)] from an Old Bus to the Reference Bus (Type 3 Modification)
2.10.4 Addition of a Branch (or Link) Z[sub(b)] between Two Old Buses (Type 4 Modification)
2.10.5 Addition of Two Branches Z[sub(a)] and Z[sub(b)] with Mutual Impedance (Z[sub(m)]) between Four Buses (Type 5 Modification)
2.11 Algorithm for Formation of Bus Impedance Matrix [Z[sub(bus)] ] using Step-by-Step Method
2.12 Determination of Symmetrical Fault Current Using [Z sub(bus)] Inversion
2.13 Phase-Sequence Component Network
2.13.1 Three-Phase Balanced Fault
2.13.2 Single Line to Ground Fault
2.13.3 Line-to-Line Fault
2.13.4 Double Line-to-Ground (L-L-G) Fault
2.13.5 Sequence Currents in the Interconnecting Line between the Faulted Bus i and Healthy Bus k
2.14 Severity of Fault Currents and the Effect of Neutral Grounding Reactance
2.15 Open Conductor Fault
2.15.1 Single Conductor Open Fault
2.15.2 Two Conductor Open Fault
Reference
Chapter 3 Contingency Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Relationship between Thevenin’s Theorem and Bus Impedance Matrix [ Z [sub(BUS)] ]
3.3 Addition and Removal of a Line in a Power System Network
3.4 Current Distribution Factor (ψ[sub(i)] ) and Line Outage Factor ([sub(λ)] )
3.5 Single Line Contingency
3.6 Contingency Analysis of Interconnectors
3.7 Contingency Analysis Employing DC Power Flow Model
3.8 Concept of Equivalencing in Power System Network
Reference
Chapter 4 Fundamental Concepts of Complex Network Theory
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pure Topological Approach
4.2.1 Geodesic Distance
4.2.2 Average Shortest Path Length
4.2.3 Degree (Connectivity)
4.2.4 Distance and Efficiency
4.2.5 Electrical Distance
4.2.6 Electrical Centrality and Its Measurement
4.2.7 Betweenness
4.3 Extended Topological Approach
4.3.1 Electrical Betweenness
4.3.2 Vulnerability Using Global Efficiency
4.3.3 Vulnerability Using Netability
4.3.4 Criticality Assessment Using [Z [sub(bus)]] Centrality
References
Chapter 5 Vulnerability Assessment of Power Transmission Network
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Vulnerability Indices: Tools of Vulnerability Assessment
5.2.1 Grid Vulnerability Index (GVI)
5.2.2 Efficiency-Based Vulnerability Index
5.3 Aspects of Vulnerability Analysis of Power Transmission Network
5.4 Simulation for Vulnerability Indices in Power Transmission Network
5.4.1 Using Global Efficiency and Netability Method
5.4.2 Using Betweenness and Netability Metric
References
Chapter 6 Analysis of Cascading Failure and Islanding in Grid Network
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Fundamental Modelling Approach in Islanding
6.2 Concept of Islanding
6.3 Modelling of Cascading Failure and Islanding
6.4 Application of Preferential Probability in Modelling of Cascading Failures
6.5 Simulation
6.6 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Assessment of Resilience in Power Transmission Network
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Concepts of Resiliency, Robustness, Reliability and Stability
7.2.1 Definitions of Resiliency
7.2.2 Framework of Resiliency
7.3 Relationship between Resiliency and Percolation Threshold
7.4 Power System Behaviour at Percolation Threshold
7.5 Assessment of Resiliency for Transmission Network
7.6 Simulation
7.7 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Effect of Distributed Energy Sources
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Solar Photovoltaic Energy
8.1.2 Wind Energy
8.1.3 Small Hydro Power
8.1.4 Biomass and Biogas Energy
8.1.5 Tidal Energy
8.1.6 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
8.1.7 Geothermal Energy
8.1.8 MHD Generation
8.1.9 Energy Storage
8.2 Role of Distributed Energy Sources in Power Transmission Networks
8.2.1 DGs in Restructured Environment
8.2.2 Applications of DGs
8.3 Mitigation Strategy Employing Distributed Energy Sources
8.3.1 Network Criticality Assessment Using [Z[sub(bus)] ] Centrality Employing DGs
8.3.2 Incorporation of Distributed Energy Sources in Criticality Assessment Using Betweenness Metric: Simulation for DG Incorporation in Criticality Assessment of IEEE 57 Bus System Using Betweenness Metric
8.3.3 Vulnerability Assessment Using GVI Metric incorporating DER: Simulation for Vulnerability Assessment of IEEE 57 Bus System Using GVI Metric on Incorporation of DG
References
Appendix A: IEEE 57-BUS TEST SYSTEM (American Electric Power)
Appendix B: West Bengal State Electricity Board’s (WBSEB) 203-Bus System (A Semi-Government Power Utility in Eastern Part of India)
Index