Power-Switching Converters: Medium and High Power

✍ Scribed by Dorin O. Neacsu

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2006
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 363
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Power converters are at the heart of modern power electronics. From automotive power systems to propulsion for large ships, their use permeates through industrial, commercial, military, and aerospace applications of various scales. Having reached a point of saturation where we are unlikely to see many new and revolutionary technologies, industry now seeks to optimize and standardize the performance of these devices. Power-Switching Converters: Medium and High Power examines the characteristics and operating principles of these systems in terms of how to increase their efficiency and produce them at lower cost. This book begins with an introduction to the field, placing the technology in its business context to highlight the current trends and issues facing the modern power engineer. The remainder of the book provides a detailed examination of three-phase power switching converters, including the various problems and solutions involved in different applications. It discusses high-power semiconductor devices, pulse-width modulation (PWM) principles and algorithms for various implementations, closed-loop current control, component-minimized topologies, power grid interface, parallel and interleaved power converters, and practical aspects such as protection and thermal management. Filling the gap between textbooks and technical papers, Power-Switching Converters: Medium and High Power offers practical solutions to current industrial demands with a focus on the particular business needs of performance quality and cost efficiency. It also serves as an excellent textbook for graduate study.

✦ Table of Contents

Power-Switching Converters: Medium and High Power......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Author......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
1.1 Market for Medium- and High-Power Converters......Page 15
Table of Contents......Page 0
1.2.1 AC/DC Converter......Page 20
1.2.2 Intermediate Circuit......Page 21
1.2.4 Soft-Charge Circuit......Page 22
1.2.6 Brake Circuit......Page 23
1.2.10 Motor Connection......Page 24
1.2.11 Controller......Page 25
1.3 Grid Interfaces or Distributed Generation......Page 26
1.3.3 DC Current Injection......Page 27
1.3.4 Electro-Magnetic Compatibility and Electro-Magnetic Inference......Page 28
1.3.6 Maximum Power Connected at Low-Voltage Grid......Page 29
1.4 Multi-Converter Power Electronic Systems......Page 30
References......Page 31
2.1 A View of the Power Semiconductor Market......Page 33
2.2.1 Operation......Page 35
2.2.2 Control......Page 40
2.3.1 Operation......Page 41
2.3.2 Control, Gate-Drivers......Page 42
2.3.3 Protection......Page 44
2.3.4 Power Loss Estimation......Page 45
2.3.5 Active Gate-Drivers......Page 47
2.5 Advanced Power Devices......Page 50
References......Page 51
3.1 High-Power Devices Operated as Simple Switches......Page 53
3.2 Inverter Leg with Inductive Load Operation......Page 54
3.3 What is a PMW Algorithm?......Page 55
3.4 Basic Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter: Operation and Functions......Page 58
3.5.1 Frequency Analysis......Page 63
3.5.3.3 Harmonic Current Factor (HCF)......Page 69
3.6 Direct Calculation of Harmonic Spectrum from Inverter Waveforms......Page 71
3.6.1 Decomposition in Quasi-Rectangular Waveforms......Page 72
3.6.2 Vectorial Method......Page 73
3.7 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverters......Page 74
3.7.1 Preprogrammed PWM for Single-Phase Inverter......Page 75
3.7.2 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverter......Page 78
3.7.3 Binary-Programmed PWM......Page 80
3.8 Modeling a Three-Phase Inverter with Switching Functions......Page 81
3.9 Braking Leg in Power Converters for Motor Drives......Page 82
3.10 DC Bus Capacitor within an AC/DC/AC Power Converter......Page 83
3.12 Problems......Page 86
References......Page 87
4.1 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms: Historical Importance......Page 88
4.2 Carrier-Based PWM Algorithms with Improved Reference......Page 90
4.3 PWM Used within Volt/Hertz Drives: Choice of Number of Pulses Based on the Desired Current Harmonic Factor......Page 96
4.3.1 Operation in the Low-Frequencies Range (Below Nominal Frequency)......Page 97
4.4 Implementation of Harmonic Reduction with Carrier PWM......Page 99
4.5 Limits of Operation: Minimum Pulse Width......Page 102
4.5.1 Avoiding Pulse Dropping by Harmonic Injection......Page 108
4.6.1 Deadtime......Page 114
4.6.2 Zero Current Clamping......Page 118
4.6.3 Overmodulation......Page 119
4.6.3.1 Voltage Gain Linearization......Page 120
4.7 Conclusion......Page 121
References......Page 122
5.1.1 History and Evolution of the Concept......Page 125
5.1.2 Theory: Vectorial Transforms and Advantages......Page 126
5.1.2.1 Clarke Transform......Page 128
5.1.2.2 Park Transform......Page 129
5.1.3 Application to Three-Phase Control Systems......Page 130
5.2.1 Mathematical Derivation of the Current Space Vector Trajectory in the Complex Plane for Six-Step Operation (with Resistive and Resistive-Inductive Loads)......Page 131
5.2.2 Definition of Flux of a (Voltage) Vector and Ideal Flux Trajectory......Page 136
5.3 SVM Theory: Derivation of the Time Intervals Associated to the Active and Zero States by Averaging......Page 138
5.4 Adaptive SVM: DC Ripple Compensation......Page 140
5.5 Link to Vector Control: Different Forms and Expressions of Time Interval Equations in the (d,q) Coordinate System......Page 141
5.6 Definition of the Switching Reference Function......Page 144
5.7.1.1 Direct-Inverse SVM......Page 147
5.7.2 Discontinuous Reference Function [33-42] for Reduced Switching Loss......Page 150
5.8.2 Comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion/HCF......Page 153
5.9 Overmodulation for SVM......Page 155
5.10 Volt-per-Hertz Control of PWM Inverters......Page 156
5.10.1 Low-Frequencies Operation Mode......Page 158
5.10.2 High-Frequency Operation Mode......Page 159
5.12 Problems......Page 162
References......Page 163
6.1.1.4 Maximum Active (Load) Power......Page 167
6.2.1 Overcurrent......Page 168
6.2.2 Fuses......Page 171
6.2.4 Overvoltage......Page 174
6.2.5.1 Theory......Page 175
6.2.5.2 Component Selection......Page 179
6.2.5.4 Regenerative Snubber Circuits for Very Large Power......Page 180
6.2.5.5 Resonant Snubbers......Page 181
6.2.5.6 Active Snubbering......Page 184
6.4 Reduction of Common-Mode EMI through Inverter Techniques......Page 185
6.5.1 Packages for Power Semiconductor Devices......Page 189
6.5.2 Converter Packaging......Page 191
6.6 Thermal Management......Page 192
6.6.1 Transient Thermal Impedance......Page 194
6.7 Conclusion......Page 195
6.8 Problems......Page 196
References......Page 197
7.1 Analog Pulse Width Modulation Controllers......Page 199
7.2 Mixed-Mode Motor Controller ICs......Page 200
7.3.1 Principle of Digital PWM Controllers......Page 202
7.3.3 FPGA Implementation of Space Vector Modulation Controllers......Page 204
7.3.4 Deadtime Digital Controllers......Page 208
7.4.1 History of Using Microprocessors/Microcontrollers in Power Converter Control......Page 209
7.4.2 DSPS Used in Power Converter Control......Page 212
7.4.3 Parallel Processing in Multi-Processor Structures......Page 214
7.5.1 Software Manipulation of Counter Timing......Page 215
7.5.2 Calculation of Time Interval Constants......Page 216
7.6 Microcontrollers with Power Converter Interfaces......Page 221
7.8.1 Event Manager Structure......Page 222
7.8.2 Software Implementation of Carrier-Based PWM......Page 223
7.8.3 Software Implementation of SVM......Page 224
7.8.4 Hardware Implementation of SVM......Page 225
7.8.5 Deadtime......Page 227
References......Page 228
8.2.1 Shunt Resistor......Page 230
8.2.2 Hall-Effect Sensors......Page 232
8.3 Current Sampling Rate: Oversampling......Page 233
8.4 Current Control in (a,b,c) Coordinates......Page 235
8.5 Current Transforms (3->2): Software Calculation of Transforms......Page 236
8.6 Current Control in (d,q) Models: PI Calibration......Page 237
8.7 Antiwind-Up Protection: Output Limitation and Range Definition......Page 239
References......Page 240
9.1 Reducing Switching Losses through Resonance vs. Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Devices......Page 241
9.2 Do We Still Get Advantages from Resonant High-Power Converters?......Page 244
9.3.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Voltage Switching......Page 247
9.3.2 Step-Down Conversion......Page 250
9.3.3 Step-Up Power Transfer......Page 255
9.3.4 Bi-Directional Power Transfer......Page 257
9.4.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Current Switching......Page 259
9.4.2 Step-Down Conversion......Page 262
9.4.3 Step-Up Conversion......Page 265
9.5.2 Resonant DC Bus......Page 268
9.6 Special PWM for Three-Phase Resonant Converters......Page 270
References......Page 271
10.1.1 New Inverter Topologies......Page 273
10.1.2 Direct Converters......Page 277
10.2 Generalized Vector Transform......Page 282
10.3 Vectorial Analysis of the B4 Inverter......Page 286
10.4.1 Method 1......Page 291
10.4.3 Comparative Results......Page 292
10.5 Influence of DC Voltage Variations and Method for Their Compensation......Page 294
10.6 Two-Leg Converter Used in Feeding a Two-Phase Induction Machine......Page 295
10.7 Conclusion......Page 296
References......Page 297
11.1 Particularities, Control Objectives, and Active Power Control......Page 300
11.2.1 Single-Switch Applications......Page 303
11.2.2 Six-Switch Converters......Page 316
11.3.1 Introduction......Page 319
11.3.2 PI Current Loop......Page 320
11.3.3 Transient Response Times......Page 321
11.3.4 Limitation of the (vd,vq) Voltages......Page 322
11.3.6 Cross-Coupling Terms......Page 323
11.3.7 Application of the Whole Available Voltage on the d-Axis......Page 325
11.3.8 Switch Table and Hysteresis Control......Page 327
11.3.9 Phase Current Tracking Methods......Page 328
11.4 Grid Synchronization......Page 334
11.6 Problems......Page 336
References......Page 337
12.1 Comparison between Converters Built of High-Power Devices and Solutions Based on Multiple Parallel Lower-Power Devices......Page 339
12.2 Hardware Constraints in Paralleling IGBTs......Page 341
12.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Paralleling Inverter Legs in Respect to Using Parallel Devices......Page 346
12.4.1 Inter-Phase Reactors......Page 347
12.4.3 Converter Control Solutions......Page 348
12.4.4 Current Control......Page 350
12.4.5 Small-Signal Modeling for (d, q) Control in a Parallel Converter System......Page 351
12.4.6 (d, q) versus (d, q, 0) Control......Page 354
12.5 Interleaved Operation of Power Converters......Page 355
12.6 Circulating Currents......Page 357
12.7 Selection of the PWM Algorithm......Page 359
12.8 System Controller......Page 360
12.10 Problems......Page 362
References......Page 363