Power Quality in Future Electrical Power Systems

✍ Scribed by Ahmed F. Zobaa, Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem

• Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 439
• Series: Energy Engineering
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Power quality is necessary for electrical systems to operate in their intended manner without any deterioration of performance. This book highlights the new emerging challenges of power quality due to the penetration of large-scale renewable energy generation technologies, the advances in nonlinear loads, the increased electricity demands in the deregulated market, and the recent requirements of smart grids that need better hierarchical design with enhanced quality, improved controllability, higher reliability, and security. Novel research that links the past, present and future of electrical power grids from a power quality perspective is also introduced. Topics include power quality definitions; frequency-domain power theory and metering of harmonic pollution responsibility; active and passive harmonic filters; shunt flexible AC transmission; power quality improvement using series FACTS; distributed generation systems; islanding scenario generation algorithm; decentralised voltage control in smart grids; techno-economic issues of power quality; economic robust programming for energy management systems; and future trends in power quality. Power Quality in Future Electrical Power Systems is a tool for planners, designers, operators and practicing engineers of electrical power systems who are concerned with power network quality, reliability, and security. It is essential reading for postgraduate students, engineers, academics, and researchers who have some background in electrical power systems.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 Power quality definitions
1.1 Introduction to various power quality indices
1.1.1 Why are we concerned about power quality?
1.1.2 Definition of power quality
1.2 Various conventional power quality indices
1.2.1 Harmonics and interharmonic
1.2.2 Voltage fluctuations and flicker
1.2.3 Voltage unbalance
1.2.4 Power frequency variations
1.2.5 Transients
1.2.6 Short duration voltage variations
1.3 International standards
1.3.1 The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE) Standards
1.3.2 American National Standards Institute (IEEE/ANSI)
1.3.3 British Standards (BS) with IEC Standards
1.3.4 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards
1.4 Cost of poor power quality
1.4.1 Investment analysis to mitigate costs of power quality
1.4.2 Economic impact of power quality disturbances
1.4.3 Economic mechanisms for improving power quality levels
References
2 Frequency-domain power theory and metering of harmonic-pollution responsibility
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Power resolutions for non-sinusoidal single-phase systems
2.2.1 Budeanu's power resolution
2.2.2 Fryze's power resolution
2.2.3 Shepherd and Zakikhani's power resolution
2.2.4 Sharon's power resolution
2.2.5 Kusters and Moore's power resolution
2.2.6 Czarnecki's power resolution
2.2.7 IEEE standard power resolution
2.2.8 Balci and Hocaoglu's power resolution
2.3 Power resolutions for non-sinusoidal and unbalanced three-phase systems
2.3.1 Vector apparent power and its resolution
2.3.2 Arithmetic apparent power
2.3.3 Buchollz's apparent power and its resolutions
2.3.4 IEEE standard apparent power and its resolution
2.4 Practical implementation of apparent powers and their power resolutions included in IEEE standard 1459 and DIN standard 40110
2.4.1 LabView blocks of developed power meter
2.4.2 Measurement results
2.5 Metering of harmonic-pollution responsibility
2.5.1 The indices based on active power direction method
2.5.2 The methods based on the harmonic analysis of the system
2.5.3 The current decomposition based indices
2.5.4 The methods based on the evaluation of the non-active powers
2.6 The statistical evaluation of the HGI, NLI and Ds harmonic source detection approaches for different load types under several supply voltage waveforms
2.7 Conclusions
References
3 Passive harmonic filters
Summary
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General concept of passive harmonic filters
3.3 Series passive filters
3.4 Shunt passive filters
3.4.1 Single-tuned filter
3.4.2 Double-tuned filter
3.4.3 Broad-band filters
3.5 Hybrid passive filter
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Active harmonic filters
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Industrial load models and characteristics
4.2.1 Dynamic and quasi-static harmonics in modern electrical networks
4.2.2 Industrial nonlinear loads types and characteristics
4.3 Active power filter topologies and design considerations
4.3.1 Active power filters use in AC and DC–AC power systems
4.3.2 Active power filters—design issues and considerations
4.3.3 Active power filters—industrial applications
4.4 Active power filters configurations
4.4.1 Current source active power filters—CSC
4.4.2 Voltage source active power filters—VSC
4.4.3 Shunt-active power filters
4.4.4 Series-active power filters
4.4.5 Hybrid-active power filters
4.4.6 Modern/distributed-active power filter
4.5 Active power filters—APF control strategies
4.5.1 Overview of APF control techniques
4.5.2 Heuristic soft computing-based control methods
4.5.3 Industrial load harmonic mitigation using APF control techniques
4.6 Emerging APF—applications and typologies
4.7 Case studies: design and optimization of an industrial active power filter
4.7.1 Case study I: APF application and control strategies for hybrid AC–DC industrial loads
4.7.2 Case study II: hybrid-APFs for AC–DC system
4.8 Conclusions
References
5 Shunt flexible a.c. transmission
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of harmonic concerns for shunt FACT devices and chapter content
5.2.1 Resonance conditions
5.2.2 Frequency scans
5.3 Power system model
5.3.1 Power system components
5.3.2 Background voltage distortion
5.3.3 Conclusions on system model
5.4 Shunt FACT device model
5.4.1 Static VAr compensator (SVC)
5.4.2 Static synchronous compensator (SSC or STATCOM)
5.4.3 High-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission
5.4.4 Conclusions on shunt FACT device model
5.5 Harmonic studies
5.5.1 Harmonic-performance studies
5.5.2 Harmonic rating studies
References
6 Power-quality improvement using series FACTS
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Electricity network and power-quality overview
6.1.2 Load-flow analysis
6.2 Power-quality improvement using FACTS devices
6.3 Proposed SSSC model
6.3.1 Case 1: PQ control
6.3.2 Case 2: P control
6.3.3 NR-RCIM load-flow method with developed SSSC model
6.4 Proposed IPFC model
6.4.1 Master line
6.4.2 Slave line
6.4.3 Incorporating of developed IPFC model in NR-RCIM load flow
6.5 Validation of developed series FACTS models
6.5.1 Proposed SSSC model in NR-RCIM
6.5.2 Developed IPFC model in NR-RCIM
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Distributed generation systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Distributed generation
7.2.1 Description of the problem
7.2.2 Applications of distribution generation
7.3 Voltage source converters
7.4 Control techniques in DG systems
7.4.1 Grid connection
7.4.2 Islanded mode
7.5 Power quality in DG
7.5.1 Grid connected
7.5.2 Island mode
7.6 Harmonics and passive filter design for DG
7.6.1 Power filter configurations
7.6.2 Analysis of the three filter topologies
7.6.3 Filter design
7.6.4 Case study
7.6.5 Damping filter design
7.6.6 Simulation results
References
8 Backward–forward sweep-based islanding scenario generation algorithm for defensive splitting of radial distribution systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Problem formulation
8.2.1 Proposed backward–forward-sweep-based islanding scenario generation algorithm
8.2.2 Objective function and constraints
8.2.3 Binary imperialistic-competitive-algorithm-based optimization process
8.3 Simulation studies
8.4 Conclusion
Appendix
References
9 Decentralised voltage control in smart grids
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Voltage profile as power quality index
9.1.2 Microgrids
9.1.3 Motivation of cooperative decentralised control in smart grid
9.2 Decentralised and distributed control systems
9.2.1 Contraction-based multi-agent systems
9.2.2 Contract net interaction protocol
9.3 Centralised hierarchical control of the DERs
9.3.1 Frequency regulation
9.3.2 Voltage magnitude regulation
9.4 DER integration concealment
9.5 Reactive power dispatch
9.5.1 Power-flow equations
9.5.2 Sensitivity calculations
9.5.3 Modal analysis
9.6 Distributed voltage control schemes
9.6.1 Optimisation based on the Lagrange multipliers method
9.6.2 Distributed voltage control via multi-agent system
9.6.3 Distributed voltage control with simplified model-based sensitivity calculation
9.6.4 Decentralised cooperative optimisation using self-organised sensor network
9.6.5 Distributed cooperative gradient-descent optimisation of reactive power dispatch
References
Further Readings
10 Techno-economic issues of power quality
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Different approaches for finding out power quality impact on tariff
10.3 Design of modules to associate disturbance and economic loss
10.3.1 Case study 1: cement plant
10.3.2 Case study 2: industry
10.3.3 Case study 3: hospital
10.4 The relationship between duration of disturbance and its cost–benefit analysis index
10.5 Improvement of power quality in the system and its expected benefits
10.6 Power-quality investment and gross domestic product in developing countries: case study
10.6.1 Case 1: Nepal
10.6.2 Case 2: Sri Lanka
10.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
11 An economic robust programing approach for the design of energy management systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Robust programing framework
11.3 Energy management system as a robust programing problem
11.4 Case study and simulation results
11.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgment
References
12 Future trends in power quality
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Contracts of PQ in a reconfigured electric power industry
12.3 Emerging power quality measurements
12.4 Power quality: impacts, harmonics estimation and mitigation
12.5 Power quality indices and standards
12.6 Power quality and smart grid
12.7 Power quality trends and future requirements
12.8 Case studies
12.8.1 The hybrid FACTS SPFC-filter compensator
12.8.2 FACTS-MPFC Modulated power filter compensator scheme I
12.8.3 FACTS–MPFC switched power filter compensator scheme II
12.8.4 Modulated/switched series-shunt power filter compensator scheme III
12.9 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W