Powder Sampling and Particle Size Determination

✍ Scribed by T. Allen

Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2003
Tongue: English
Leaves: 683
Edition: 1st ed
Category: Library

No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.

✦ Synopsis

Powder technology is a rapidly expanding technology and nowhere more than in particle characterization. There has been an explosion of new particle measuring techniques in the past ten year particularly in the field of on-line measurement. One of the main aims of this book is to bring the reader up-to-date with current practices. One important area of interest is the improvements in on-line light scattering instruments and the introduction of ultrasonic on-line devices. Another is the introduction of on-line microscopy, which permits shape analysis in conjunction with particle sizing. Schools of powder technology are common in Europe and Japan but the importance of this subject has only recently been recognised in America with the emergence of the Particle Research Centre (PERC) at the University of Florida in Gainsville. - Details all the latest developments in powder technology - Written by established authority on powder technology - A comprehensive text covering all aspects of powder technology and handling of particulate solids including characterization, handling and applications

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover......Page 1
Powder Sampling and Particle Size Determination......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
Editor's Foreword......Page 22
1.1 Introduction......Page 24
1.2 Sample selection......Page 25
1.3 Sampling stored material......Page 29
1.4 Sampling flowing streams......Page 35
1.5 Sample reduction......Page 47
1.6 Slurry sampling......Page 58
1.7 Reduction of laboratory sample to measurement sample......Page 59
1.8 Number of samples required......Page 61
1.9 Theoretical statistical errors on a number basis......Page 65
1.10 Practical statistical errors on a number basis......Page 68
1.12 Practical statistical errors on a weight basis......Page 69
1.13 Experimental tests of sampling techniques......Page 72
1.14 Weight of sample required......Page 73
2.1 Introduction......Page 79
2.2 Particle size......Page 80
2.3 Average diameters......Page 86
2.4 Particle dispersion......Page 91
2.5 Particle shape......Page 92
2.6 Determination of specific surface from size distribution data......Page 112
2.7 Tabular presentation of particle size distribution......Page 116
2.8 Graphical presentation of size distribution data......Page 118
2.10 Arithmetic normal distribution......Page 119
2.11 The log-normal distribution......Page 123
2.12 Johnson's SB distribution......Page 132
2.13 Rosin-Rammler-Bennet-Sperling formula......Page 134
2.14 Other distribution laws......Page 135
2.16 Evaluation of nonlinear distributions on log-normal paper......Page 140
2.17 Alternative notations for frequency distribution......Page 148
2.18 Phi-notation......Page 159
3.1 Introduction......Page 165
3.2 Standards......Page 167
3.3 Optical microscopy......Page 168
3.4 Sample preparation......Page 170
3.6 Particle size......Page 174
3.7 Calibration......Page 176
3.8 Training of operators......Page 179
3.9 Experimental techniques......Page 180
3.10 Determination of particle size distribution by number......Page 181
3.11 Conditions governing a weight size determination......Page 183
3.12 Semi-automatic aids to microscopy......Page 187
3.13 Automatic aids to microscopy......Page 190
3.14 Quantitative image analysis......Page 192
3.15 Electron microscopy......Page 210
3.16 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)......Page 211
3.17 Scanning electron microscopy......Page 216
3.18 Other scanning electron microscopy techniques......Page 219
3.19 Errors involved in converting a number to a volume count......Page 222
3.20 Evaluation of procedures......Page 223
4.1 Introduction......Page 231
4.2 Standard sieves......Page 233
4.3 Tolerances for standard sieves......Page 235
4.4 Woven-wire and punched plate sieves......Page 236
4.5 Electroformed micromesh sieves......Page 237
4.6 Mathematical analysis of the sieving process......Page 241
4.7 Calibration of sieves......Page 244
4.8 Sieving errors......Page 247
4.9 Methods of sieving......Page 250
4.10 Amount of sample required......Page 252
4.11 Hand sieving......Page 253
4.12 Machine sieving......Page 254
4.13 Wet sieving......Page 257
4.14 Air-jet sieving......Page 260
4.16 The Seishin Robot Sifter......Page 262
4.17 Automatic systems......Page 263
4.19 The sieve cascadograph......Page 264
4.21 Self organized sieves (SORSI)......Page 266
4.22 Shape separation......Page 267
4.24 Conclusions......Page 268
5.2 Assessment of classifier efficiency......Page 274
5.3 Systems......Page 283
5.4 Counter-flow equilibrium classifiers in a gravitational field elutriators......Page 284
5.5 Theory for elutriators......Page 285
5.6 Water elutriators......Page 287
5.7 Air elutriators......Page 288
5.8 Counter-flow centrifugal classifiers;......Page 289
5.10 Zig-zag centrifugal classifiers......Page 290
5.12 Cross-flow gravitational classification......Page 291
5.13 Cross-flow centrifugal classifiers......Page 292
5.15 Micromeretics classifier;......Page 293
5.16 Fractionation methods for particle size measurement......Page 294
5.17 Hydrodynamic chromatography......Page 295
5.18 Capillary hydrodynamic fractionation......Page 298
5.20 Size exclusion chromatography......Page 299
5.21 Field flow fractionation......Page 300
5.23 Continuous split fractionation......Page 308
5.24 Classification by decantation......Page 310
6.1 Introduction......Page 318
6.2 Settling of a single homogeneous sphere under a gravitational force......Page 320
6.3 Size limits for gravity sedimentation......Page 323
6.4 Time for terminal velocity to be attained......Page 329
6.5 Errors due to the finite extent of the fluid (wall effects)......Page 331
6.6 Errors due todiscontinuity of the fluid......Page 332
6.7 Viscosity of a suspension......Page 334
6.9 Non-spherical particles......Page 335
6.10 Relationship between drag coefficient and Reynolds number in the transition region......Page 345
6.11 The turbulent flow region......Page 348
6.12 Concentration effects......Page 349
6.13 Hindered settling......Page 355
6.14 Electro-viscosity......Page 358
6.15 Dispersion of powders......Page 359
6.16 Powder density......Page 370
6.18 Standard powders......Page 373
6.19 National Standards......Page 375
7.1 Introduction......Page 382
7.2 Resolution of sedimenting suspensions......Page 385
7.3 Concentration changes in a suspension settling under gravity......Page 387
7.4 Homogeneous incremental gravitational sedimentation......Page 388
7.5 Theory for the gravity photosedimentation technique......Page 389
7.6 Theory for concentration determination with the x-ray gravitational sedimentation technique......Page 397
7.7 Relationship between density gradient and concentration......Page 401
7.8 Hydrometers and divers......Page 402
7.9 Homogeneous cumulative gravitational sedimentation......Page 407
7.10 Line-start incremental gravitational sedimentation......Page 410
7.11 Line-start cumulative gravitational sedimentation......Page 411
8.1 Introduction......Page 415
8.2 Stokes' equation for centrifugal sedimentation......Page 417
8.3 Homogeneous, incremental, centrifugal sedimentation......Page 418
8.4 Variable time method (r and S constant, t variable)......Page 420
8.5 Variable time and height method {S constant, both r and t vary)......Page 429
8.6. Variable inner radius (Both S and t vary, r remains constant)......Page 433
8.7 Photocentrifuges......Page 440
8.8 Line-start incremental centrifugal sedimentation......Page 445
8.9 Cuvette photocentrifuges......Page 452
8.10 Homogeneous, cumulative, centrifugal sedimentation......Page 454
8.11 Variable time method (variation of P with t)......Page 456
8.12 Sedimentation distance small compared with distance from centrifuge axis......Page 457
8.13 Variable inner radius (variation of P with S)......Page 458
8.14 Variable outer radius (variation of P with R)......Page 461
8.16 Particle size analysis using non-invasive dielectric sensors......Page 462
8.17 Supercentriftige......Page 463
8.19 Conclusions......Page 465
9.1 Introduction......Page 470
9.2 The electrical sensing zone method (the Coulter principle)......Page 472
9.3 Fiber length analysis......Page 490
9.4 Optical particle counters......Page 491
9.5 Commercial instruments......Page 497
9.6 Dwell time......Page 515
9.7 Aerodynamic time-of-flight measurement......Page 520
9.9 Laser phase Doppler principle......Page 524
9.10 Hosokawa Mikropul E-Spart Analyzer......Page 528
9.11 Shadow Doppler velocimetry......Page 529
9.12 Other light scattering methods......Page 530
9.13 Interferometers......Page 531
9.15 Measurement of the size distribution of drops in dispersions......Page 533
9.17 Light pressure drift velocity......Page 535
9.19 Monitek acoustic particle monitors......Page 536
9.20 Erdco Acoustical Counter......Page 537
10.1 Introduction......Page 547
10.2 Single point analyzers......Page 548
10.3 Light scattering and attenuation......Page 554
10.4 Light scattering theory......Page 562
10.5 Multi angle laser light scattering; (MALLS)......Page 567
10.6 Malvern (Insitec) Ensemble Particle Concentration Size (EPCS) Systems......Page 591
10.7 Optical incoherent space frequency analysis......Page 595
10.8 Pulse displacement technique (PDT)......Page 597
10.9 Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS)......Page 598
10.11 Ultrasonic attenuation......Page 599
10.13 Ultrasonic attenuation and velocity spectrometry......Page 608
10.14 Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS)......Page 609
10.16 Concentration monitors......Page 626
10.18 Miscellaneous......Page 627
Appendix. Manufacturers and suppliers......Page 646
Author index......Page 651
Subject index......Page 676