Polymer Membranes: Increasing Energy Efficiency

✍ Scribed by Abdulhamid M.A. (ed.)

• Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 395
• Series: De Gruyter STEM
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Explore the comprehensive landscape of polymer membrane applications in this book, encompassing gas separation, organic solvent nanofiltration, water desalination, and fuel cells. The text delves into the subtle influence of polymer membranes on energy efficiency across diverse industries, spotlighting advanced variants such as bio-based, mixed matrix, and polyimides-based membranes. Offering an in-depth analysis, the book elucidates the discovery, development, and challenges associated with these state-of-the-art materials, underscoring their role in achieving enhanced performance and energy efficiency.
Discovery, development and challenges of polymer membranes.
State-of-the-art materials with enhanced performance.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Polymer Membranes: Increasing Energy Efficiency
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the editor
List of contributors
1. Polyimide-based membranes for gas separation applications
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Polyimide
3. Synthesis of polyimides
3.1 One-step polymerization method
3.2 Two-step method for polyimide synthesis
3.3 Thermal imidization of poly(amic)acid
3.4 Chemical imidization of poly(amic) acids
3.5 Other approaches to prepare polyimides
3.5.1 From diisocyanates and dianhydrides
3.5.2 From diamines and dithioanhydrides
3.5.3 From bisdiene and bidienophiles in Diels–Alder reaction
3.5.4 From bis(maleimides) and with diamines in Michael addition reactions
3.5.5 From silylated diamines and dianhydrides
3.5.6 From diester acids and diamines
4. Theory of gas transport through membranes
5. Nonporous polyimides (dense polyimide)
6. Porous polyimides
6.1 Functionalized polyimides
6.2 Polyimides of intrinsic microporosity PIM-PIs
6.2.1 PIM-PIs with contorted dianhydride sites
6.2.2 PIM-PIs with contorted diamines sites
7. Conclusion and future outlooks
References
2. Hydrogen sulfide removal from natural gas streams using polymeric membranes
Abstract
1. Introduction
2 Background and theory
3. Physical properties of gas molecules
4. Gas permeation measuring systems
4.1 Pure-gas permeation system
4.2 Mixed-gas permeation system
4.3 Hollow fiber permeation system
5. Industrial membrane configurations
6. Polymeric membranes
6.1 Glassy polymers
6.2 Rubbery polymers
6.3 Mixed-Matrix Membranes
7. Conclusion and outlook
References
3. Recent progress in modification methods of polymeric membranes for water treatment
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Membrane modification methods
2.1 Phase inversion method
2.2 Blending methods
2.3 Surface grafting
2.4 Surface coating
2.5 Interfacial polymerization (IP)
2.6 3D printing technology in membrane-based water treatment
2.6.1 Properties and performance of 3D printing polymer membranes
3. Conclusion and outlook
References
4. Polymer membranes: general principles and applications in fuel cells
Abstract
Nomenclature
1. Introduction
2. Conventional perfluorinated-sulfonated membranes
3. Modified Nafion and Nafion-free membranes
3.1 Modified Nafion membranes
3.1.1 Inorganic materials
3.1.2 Metal organic frameworks (MOFs)
3.1.3 Ionic liquids (ILs)
3.2 Nafion-free membranes
3.2.1 Merits of SPEEK membranes
4. Challenges and future directions
5. Conclusions
References
5. Polymer membranes for catalysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Polymeric membranes for catalysis
2.1 Catalytic polymeric membranes in organic synthesis
2.1.1 One-step production of phenol by direct hydroxylation of benzene
2.1.2 Hydrogenation reactions
2.1.3 C–C Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions
2.2 Catalytic polymeric membranes in environmental applications
2.2.1 Photocatalytic reactions
2.2.2 Gas cleaning
2.3 Nanoparticle (NP) decorated catalytic polymeric membrane reactors
3. Membrane materials for catalytic applications
4. Fabrication strategies
4.1 Catalysts incorporated into the membrane matrix
4.2 Catalyst coating on the membrane surface
5. Strategies to enhance membrane performance
6. Future perspectives
7. Conclusion
References
6. Polymer membranes for pervaporation
Abstract
1 Overview of pervaporation
1.1 Importance of polymer membranes
1.2 Principles and mechanisms
1.3 Advantages and applications
2 Polymer materials for pervaporation
2.1 Classification of polymeric membranes
2.2 Membrane morphology and structure
2.3 Polymer selection
3.1 Membrane fabrication techniques
3 Synthesis and modification of polymer membranes
3.2 Polymer modification methods
3.3 Crosslinking and surface functionalization
4 Characterization techniques
5 Transport mechanisms in polymer membranes
5.1 Diffusion and sorptionin membranes
5.2 Solution–diffusion model
5.3 Selectivity and permeability
6 Performance evaluation and optimization
6.1 Factors affecting membrane performance
6.2 Strategies for performance optimization
7 Advanced polymer membrane materials
7.1 Hybrid and composite membranes
7.2 Modification techniques for performance enhancement
7.3 Novel applications and future directions
8 Conclusion
References
Asmaa Selim
7. Advances in polymer membranes for pervaporation
Abstract
1. Introduction and historical background
2. Definition, fundamentals, and separation performance of PV process
2.1 Definition and theory
2.2 Separation performance
2.3 Factors affect pervaporation performance
2.4 Feed concentration
2.5 Feed temperature
2.6 The molecular size of the permeate component
2.7 Membrane swelling
2.8 Membrane-free volume
2.9 Membrane material
3. Polymeric membranes in pervaporation application
3.1 Hydrophilic pervaporation
3.2 Hydrophobic pervaporation
3.3 Organophilic pervaporation
4. Fabrication techniques
4.1 Solution casting
4.2 Solution coating
4.3 Hollow fiber spinning
5. Conclusion
References
8. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) for environmental applications
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Fabrication of nanofibers by electrospinning
2.1 Materials used for ENMs production
2.2 Basic principle
2.3 Postfabrication treatment
2.4 Effect of different operating conditions on ENMs
2.4.1 Polymer concentration
2.4.2 Applied voltage
2.4.3 Tip-to-collector distance
2.4.4 Feed rate
2.4.5 Environmental factors
3. Environmental applications
3.1 Water filtration
3.1.1 Microfiltration
3.1.2 Ultrafiltration
3.1.3 Nanofiltration
3.1.4 Forward osmosis and reverse osmosis
3.1.5 Membrane distillation
3.2 Oil and water separation
3.3 Air filtration
3.3.1 Single component polymer membranes
3.3.2 Composite membranes
4. Conclusion
References
9. Polymer membrane for desalination and distillation
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1 Overview of the global water crisis and the need for advanced desalination and distillation technologies
1.2 Polymeric membranes and their potential in addressing water scarcity
2. Membranes and its classification
2.1 Classification of membranes
2.2 Structure and properties of polymeric membranes
2.3 Transport mechanisms in polymeric membranes
2.4 Membrane selectivity and rejection mechanisms
3. Desalination technologies
3.1 Comparison of different desalination processes in terms of efficiency, energy consumption, and application
3.2 Role of polymeric membranes in desalination technologies
4. Membrane fabrication techniques
4.1 Factors influencing membrane morphology and performance
5. Membrane characterization and performance evaluation
5.1 Performance evaluation parameters
5.2 Standard testing protocols for polymeric membranes
6. Membrane fouling and scaling
6.1 Membrane fouling
6.2 Scaling
6.3 Strategies for fouling prevention and mitigation
6.4 Role of membrane surface modification in reducing fouling tendencies
7. Applications of polymeric membranes in desalination
8. Membrane distillation using polymeric membranes
8.1 Comparative analysis with other distillation techniques
8.2 Emerging trends and future prospects
9. Conclusion
References
10. Oil fractionation and water/oil emulsion separation using polymer membranes
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Fractionation products of oil
2.1 Crude oil
2.2 Bio-crude
2.3 Biofuels
3. Membrane separation process for oil fractionation
3.1 Refining
3.2 Recovery
3.3 Degumming
3.4 Deacidification
3.5 Water/oil separation
3.5.1 Antifouling
3.5.2 Coalescence
4. Conclusions and prospects
References
11. Advancement and recent development of polymer membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Basic principles of nanofiltration
3. Polymer science fundamentals in nanofiltration
4. Fabrication techniques of polymer membranes for nanofiltration
5. Membrane characterization techniques
6. Other applications of polymer membranes in nanofiltration
7. State-of-the-art advancements in polymer membranes for OSN nanofiltration
8. Future prospects in polymer membranes for nanofiltration
9. Conclusions and recommendations
9.1 Conclusions
9.2 Recommendations
References
12. Advanced membranes from interpenetrating polymer networks
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Fabrication of interpenetrating polymer network membranes
3. Membranes based on interpenetrating polymer networks for gas separation
4. Membranes based on interpenetrating polymer networks for water purification
5. Membranes based on interpenetrating polymer networks for nonaqueous separation
6. Membranes based on interpenetrating polymer networks for battery applications
6.1 Porous membranes
6.2 Cation exchange membranes (CEMs)
6.3 Anion exchange membranes (AEMs)
6.4 Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs)
7. Conclusion and outlooks
7.1 Conclusion
7.2 Outlooks
References
Index