Polymer Composites: Fundamentals and Applications

✍ Scribed by Srikanta Moharana, Bibhuti B. Sahu, Arpan Kumar Nayak, Santosh K. Tiwari

• Publisher: Springer Singapore
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 563
• Series: Engineering Materials
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book highlights the fundamentals and recent advances for developing novel polymer composites for various applications, including 3D printing, automotive, textiles, agriculture, nanogenerators, energy storage and biomedical engineering. It presents various facile processing techniques to prepare polymeric composites with attractive properties like mechanical strength, flexibility, thermal & electrical performances for end used applications from bench to field. This in-sight of properties, performances and utility will lead to technological applications of polymer composites. It provides a platform for evolving and expanding technological solutions for challenges in the contemporary world, and presents a concrete path for advancement in this domain of polymer composite for professionals, researchers, material scientists, and students.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction of Polymers and Polymer Composites: Basic Fundamentals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Polymers
1.3 Classification of Polymers
1.4 Classification Based on Tacticity
1.5 Classification Based on the Backbone of the Polymer Chain
1.6 Classification of Polymer Composite
1.7 Constituent of Polymers
1.8 Importance of Polymers
1.9 Disadvantages of Polymer
1.9.1 Awareness Programs or Social Awareness
1.10 Proposal for Nanopolymer Composites as Future Trends
1.11 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
2 Synthesis and Processing Techniques of Polymer Composites
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Role of Polymers
2.3 Polymer Composites
2.3.1 Classification Polymer-Based Composites
2.4 Literature Gap in Polymer Composites
2.5 Classification of Polymer Nanocomposites
2.6 Synthesis Techniques
2.7 Processing of the Polymer Composites
2.8 Advantages of Solution Casting for Polymer Composites
2.9 Applications
2.10 Conclusion
2.11 Statements and Declarations
References
3 Primary and Secondary Processing of Polymer Matrix Composites
3.1 Introduction and Understanding of Polymer Matrix Composite
3.2 Processing of Polymer Matrix Composites
3.3 Primary Processing Techniques
3.3.1 Matrix Resin Selection
3.3.2 Reinforcement Material Selection
3.4 Molding Methods
3.4.1 Bag Molding Process
3.4.2 Layup Techniques
3.4.3 Automated Tape Laying
3.4.4 Autoclave Curing
3.4.5 Sandwich Molding
3.4.6 Compression Molding
3.4.7 Sheet Molding Compound
3.4.8 Compression Molding Compound
3.4.9 Liquid Composite Molding
3.4.10 Filament Winding
3.4.11 Pultrusion
3.5 Machining
3.6 Surface Finishing
3.6.1 Joining
3.6.2 Adhesive Bonding
3.7 Inspecting and Testing
3.7.1 Repair
3.7.2 Assembly
3.7.3 Painting and Coating
3.7.4 Quality Control
3.8 Processing Techniques in Nano Polymer Matrix Composites
3.8.1 Ultrasonication and Dual Mixing
3.8.2 Sol–Gel Process
3.8.3 Direct Mixing of Polymer and Nanofillers
3.9 Applications and Future Trends
3.10 Conclusions
References
4 Characterization Techniques of Polymer Composites
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Characterization Methods of Polymer Composites
4.1.2 Tribological Characterizations
4.1.3 Microstructural Characterizations
4.1.4 Structural Characterizations
4.1.5 Physical Characterization
4.1.6 Electrical Characterization
4.1.7 Rheological Characterization
4.1.8 Thermal Characterization
4.2 Optical Characterization
4.2.1 UV–VIS Absorption
4.2.2 Optical Reflectometry and Ellipsometry
4.3 Conclusion
References
5 Reinforced Multiscale Polymer Composites, Properties and Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Background and Significance of Composite Materials
5.2 Constituents of Composite Material
5.3 Composites and Its Classes
5.3.1 Particle Reinforced Composite Materials
5.3.2 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
5.3.3 Natural and Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Biocomposites
5.3.4 Structural Composites
5.4 Multiscale Polymer Composites
5.5 Characteristics of Multiscale Polymer Composites
5.5.1 Strength Requirements
5.5.2 Electrical Conductivity and Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness
5.5.3 Thermal Stability and Thermal Conductivity
5.5.4 Self-Healing
5.5.5 Sensing Ability
5.6 Fabrication Challenges of Multiscale Polymer Composites
5.7 Diverse Application Areas of Multiscale Polymer Nanocomposites
5.8 Conclusions
References
6 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites
6.2.1 Definition and Composition
6.2.2 Types of Glass Fibers
6.3 Classification Based on Form
6.4 Preparation of GFRP Matrix Composites
6.4.1 Silicon Rubber Mold
6.4.2 Hand Lay-Up Method Followed by Compression Molding
6.4.3 Hot Press Technique
6.4.4 Molding and Mixing
6.4.5 Compression Molding
6.4.6 Manual Assembly Technique Followed by a Hydraulic Press
6.4.7 Dry Hand Lay-Up Method
6.4.8 H-type Press
6.5 Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites
6.6 Thermal Properties of GFRP Matrix Composites
6.7 Thermo-Mechanical Properties
6.8 Vibration Characteristics of GFRP Matrix Composites
6.9 Environmental Behavior of GFRP Matrix Composites
6.9.1 Tribological Behavior of GFRP Matrix Composites
6.10 Other Properties
6.10.1 Aluminum in Glass Fibers
6.10.2 Kevlar Fiber Hybridization in Composites
6.10.3 Damping Characteristics
6.10.4 Corrosion in FRP Composites
6.10.5 Applications of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites
6.10.6 Automobile Industry
6.10.7 Aerospace Application
6.10.8 Construction and Infrastructure
6.10.9 Sporting Goods
6.11 Other Industrial Applications
6.11.1 Medical Applications
6.11.2 Applications in the Food Industry
6.11.3 Advancements in Glass Fiber Technology
6.11.4 Nanotechnology in Glass Fiber Composites
6.11.5 Hybrid Composites
6.11.6 Smart Materials Integration
6.12 Challenges and Limitations
6.12.1 Processing Challenges
6.12.2 Recycling Issues
6.12.3 Durability Concerns
6.13 Future Trends and Prospects
6.13.1 Emerging Technologies
6.13.2 Research and Development Directions
6.13.3 Sustainability in Glass Fiber Composites
6.14 Conclusion
References
7 Hemp Fibre-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites: A Sustainable Materials for Engineering and Industry
7.1 Introduction
7.2 PLA Hemp Fibre Composites
7.3 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
7.4 Merits from Hemp Fibre (HF)
7.5 Production of HF-PLA Composites
7.6 Properties of Hemp Fibre-Polylactic Acid Composites
7.6.1 Thermal Properties of Hemp Fibre-Polylactic Acid Composites
7.6.2 Mechanical Behaviour of Hemp Fibre-Polylactic Acid Composites
7.6.3 Tensile Properties of HF-PLA Composites
7.6.4 Flexural Properties of HF-PLA Composites
7.6.5 Impact Strength of Hemp Fibre-Polylactic Acid Composites
7.6.6 Creep Behaviour
7.6.7 Sustainable Aspects
7.6.8 Biodegradability of HF-PLA Composites
7.6.9 Tribological Characteristics
7.7 Recyclability of HF-PLA Composites
7.8 Applications of HF-PLA Composites
7.8.1 Packaging Applications
7.8.2 Structural Applications
7.8.3 Additive Manufacturing
7.8.4 Fabrication and Characterization of Hemp Fibre-Based 3D-Printed Honeycomb Sandwich Structure by FDM Process
7.8.5 Impact of 3D Printing Variables on Finished Products
7.8.6 Limitations of HF-PLA Composites
7.8.7 Conclusions
References
8 Polymer Composites Testing and Analysis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Analytical Methods of Polymer Composites
8.3 Chromatography
8.4 Spectroscopy
8.5 Application of UV–Vis Spectroscopy to Polymer Composites
8.5.1 Conjugated Polymer Analysis
8.5.2 Quantification of Additives
8.5.3 Curing and Crosslinking Monitoring
8.5.4 Assessment of Transparency and Opacity
8.5.5 Analysis of Optical Properties
8.6 IR Spectroscopy
8.6.1 Bamboo and Flax (BFBF) Mat Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composite
8.7 Raman Spectroscopy
8.7.1 Interpreting Raman Spectra
8.8 Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Polymer Composites
8.9 NMR Spectroscopy
8.10 Mass Spectroscopy
8.11 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
8.12 Terminology Associated with the Thermal Properties
8.12.1 Melting Temperature (Tm)
8.12.2 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
8.13 Characterization Test Methods for Thermal Analysis
8.13.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
8.13.2 Factors Associated with DSC
8.14 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis
8.14.1 Factors Associated with TGA
8.14.2 Case Study
8.15 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
8.15.1 Instrumentation and Sample Preparation
8.15.2 Factors Associated with DMA
8.16 Mechanical Testing
8.17 Morphology Analysis
8.17.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
8.17.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
8.18 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
8.18.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
8.19 Conclusion
References
9 3D Printing of Polymer and Polymer Matrix Composites
9.1 Introduction and the Development of Polymer 3D Printing
9.2 Types of 3D Printers
9.2.1 Extrusion Printers
9.2.2 Inkjet Printers
9.2.3 Selective Laser Sintering Printers
9.3 Benefits of SLS (Selective Laser Sintering)
9.4 Continuous Fiber Printing
9.4.1 Filament Winding
9.4.2 Extrusion-Based Printing with Continuous Fiber Reinforcement
9.5 Various Printers and Their Accuracy
9.5.1 Fused Deposition Modeling FDM
9.5.2 Stereolithography SLA
9.5.3 Digital Light Processing DLP
9.5.4 Multi Jet Printing (MJP) 3D Printers
9.5.5 Binder Jetting 3D Printers
9.6 Factors Affecting 3D Printers
9.7 Printing Challenges
9.8 Materials for Polymer 3D Printing and Their Use
9.8.1 Various Polymers for 3D Printing
9.9 Effect of Directional Behavior in 3D Printing
9.9.1 Anisotropic Mechanical Properties
9.9.2 Improved Strength and Stiffness
9.9.3 Reduced Print Time and Material Usage
9.9.4 Enhanced Thermal Conductivity
9.9.5 Weight Reduction
9.10 Applications of Polymer Composites
9.11 Polymer Composites Applications in Various Industries
9.12 Summary
References
10 Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites for Industrial Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Type of Natural Fibres and Their Processing
10.3 Properties of Natural Fibres
10.4 Industrial Applications of Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites
10.4.1 NFR Composites in Automotive Industries
10.4.2 In Aviation
10.4.3 In Railways
10.4.4 Military
10.4.5 Sports Industries
10.5 Construction
10.5.1 Structural Beams and Panels
10.5.2 Building Non-Structural Components
10.6 Packaging
10.7 Consumer Goods
10.8 Conclusion
References
11 Elastomeric-Based Composite Materials for Engineering Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Properties and Categories of Elastomers
11.3 Categories of Elastomers
11.4 Elastomeric Composite Reinforcement Materials
11.4.1 Reinforcement Materials: An Overview
11.4.2 How Reinforcement Materials Affect Elastomer Composites’ Characteristics?
11.5 Procedures for Manufacturing Elastomeric Composites
11.6 Application for Composites Based on Elastomers
11.6.1 Application in the Automobile Sector
11.6.2 Applications in the Aerospace and Aviation Sectors
11.6.3 Applications in Medical and Healthcare
11.6.4 Applications in Sports and Leisure
11.7 Future Perspectives and Challenges
11.8 Conclusion
References
12 State-Of-The-Art in Textile Polymer Composites and Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History of Textile Polymer Composites
12.3 Materials Used in the Preparation of Polymer Textile Composite
12.3.1 Reinforcement Fibers
12.3.2 Polymer Matrices
12.4 Additives and Nanomaterials
12.5 Types of Equipment Used to Prepare the Polymer Textile Composite
12.5.1 Equipment for Mixing and Preparing Resin
12.5.2 Equipment for Textile Reinforcement
12.5.3 Cutting Equipment
12.5.4 Layup and Molding Equipment
12.5.5 Curing Equipment
12.5.6 Quality Control and Testing Instruments
12.5.7 Safety Equipment
12.5.8 Environmental Chambers
12.6 Preparation Techniques of Polymer Textile Composite
12.7 Application of Polymer Textile Composite
12.7.1 Biomedical Applications
12.7.2 Medical Implants
12.7.3 Tissue Engineering
12.7.4 Wound Dressing
12.7.5 Drug Delivery System
12.7.6 Diagnostic
12.7.7 Surgical Instruments
12.7.8 Biodegradable Sutures
12.7.9 Tissue Reinforcement
12.8 Conclusion
12.9 Future Prospects
References
13 Polymer Composites for Use in Nano-Generators for Energy Harvesting
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Polymer Composites for Use in Piezoelectric Nano-Generators (PENGs)
13.2.1 Piezoelectricity and Piezoelectric Nano-Generators (PENGs)
13.2.2 Polymers and Ceramics in PENGs
13.2.3 Polymer Composites in PENGs
13.3 Polymer Composites for Use in Triboelectric Nano-Generators (TENGs)
13.3.1 Triboelectricity and Triboelectric Nano-Generators
13.3.2 Polymers and Copolymers Utilized in TENGs
13.3.3 Polymer Composites in TENGs
13.4 Polymer Composites for Use in Pyroelectric Nano-Generators (PyNGs)
13.4.1 Pyroelectricity and Pyroelectric Nano-Generators (PyNGs)
13.4.2 Polymers and Ceramics Utilized in PyNGs
13.4.3 Polymer Composites in PyNGs and PEC
13.5 Polymer Composites for Use in Hybridized Nano-Generators
13.5.1 Hybridized Nano-Generators
13.5.2 Polymer Composite-Based Hybridized Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Nano-Generators
13.5.3 Polymer Composite-Based Hybridized Piezoelectric-Pyroelectric Nano-Generators
13.5.4 Polymer Composite-Based Other Hybridized Nano-Generators
13.6 Conclusion
References:
14 Polymer Nanoparticle Composites for Modern Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Synthesis Techniques of Polymer Nanoparticles
14.2.1 Radical Polymerization
14.2.2 Spray Drying Method
14.2.3 Mini-emulsion Polymerization Technique
14.2.4 Micro-emulsion Technique
14.2.5 Interfacial Polymerization
14.2.6 Dialysis Method
14.2.7 Nanoprecipitation Technique
14.3 Applications of Polymer Nanoparticle Composites
14.3.1 Cosmetic Applications
14.3.2 Biomedical Applications
14.3.3 Polymer Composites for Energy Storage
14.4 Conclusions and Future Prospectives
References
15 Polymer Composites for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mechanism of Electromagnetic Shielding (EMI Shielding)
15.3 Polymer Composite for EMI Shielding
15.4 Polyaniline-Based Polymer Composite
15.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Polymer Composite
15.6 Polyethersulfone (PES)-Based Polymer Composite
15.7 Polypyrrole (PPy)-Based Polymer Composite
15.8 Conclusion
References
16 Polymer Composites for Biomedical Applications
16.1 Demand of Polymer Composites in Biomedicine
16.2 Biocompatibility and Non-cytotoxicity
16.3 Medical Applications of Polymer Composites
16.3.1 Hard Tissue Engineering
16.3.2 Drug Delivery System
16.3.3 In Biosensors
16.3.4 Bioimaging
16.3.5 Antiviral and Antibacterial Applications
16.3.6 Challenges and Future Prospective
References
17 Piezoelectric Polymer Composites for Energy Harvesting
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Background and State of an Art
17.2.1 Overview of Energy Harvesting in Polymer Composites
17.2.2 Piezoelectric Composite Materials Used in Energy Harvesting
17.3 PZT/PVDF and CNTs Composites
17.4 MWCNTs/BSTO/PVDF Nanocomposites
17.5 PVDF—BF33BT—GO Three-Phase Composite
17.6 CaZ/P(VDF-TrFE) Composite Film
17.7 P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO Composite Films
17.8 BiFeO3—BaTiO3/P(VDF-TrFE) Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites
17.9 Future Prospective and Challenges
17.10 Conclusions
References