Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites for X-Rays Shielding (Composites Science and Technology)

✍ Scribed by It Meng Low, Nurul Zahirah Noor Azman

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 133
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book focuses on the processing, materials design, characterisation, and properties of polymer composites and nanocomposites for use as electromagnetic radiation shielding materials and to enhance radiation shielding capacity in order to meet the safety requirements for use in medical X-ray imaging facilities. It presents an in-depth analysis of materials synthesis methods such as melt-mixing, ion-implantation, solution casting and electrospinning. In addition, it measures the X-ray attenuation behaviour of fabricated composites and nanocomposites in four major types of X-ray equipment, namely general radiography, mammography, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy units. Given its scope, the book will benefit researchers, engineers, scientists and practitioners in the fields of medical imaging, diagnostic radiology and radiation therapy.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
1 Introduction and Background
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Background
1.1.2 Organisation of Chapters
1.2 Literature Review
1.2.1 Historical Foundations of X-Ray Shielding
1.2.2 X-Ray Attenuation
1.2.3 X-Ray Interactions with Matter
1.2.4 X-Ray Energy
1.2.5 Effect of Particle-Size on X-Ray Attenuation
1.2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Commercial Lead Glass
1.2.7 Other Commercial Polymer Composites for X-Ray Shielding
References
2 Materials and Methodology
2.1 Lead Oxide–Epoxy Composites
2.1.1 Samples Preparation
2.1.2 Density Measurements
2.1.3 Measurement of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients (μm)
2.1.4 Powder Diffraction
2.1.5 Optical Microscopy
2.1.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy  (SEM)
2.2 Tungsten Oxide—Epoxy Composites
2.2.1 Samples Preparation
2.2.2 Measurement of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficient (μm)
2.3 Ion-Implanted Epoxy
2.3.1 Samples Preparation
2.3.2 Ion-Implantation
2.3.3 Ion Beam Analysis and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS)
2.3.4 Measurement of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients (μm)
2.4 Ion-Implanted Acrylic and Glass
2.4.1 Samples Preparation
2.4.2 Ion-Implantation
2.4.3 Ion Beam Analysis and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS)
2.4.4 Measurement of X-Ray Linear Attenuation Coefficients (µm)
2.5 Electrospun Bismuth Oxide/Poly-lactic Acid Nanofibre-Mats
2.5.1 Materials
2.5.2 Samples Preparation
2.5.3 Measurements of Sample Thickness and Porosity
2.5.4 Measurement of X-Ray Transmission
2.5.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.6 Micro-sized and Nano-sized Tungsten Oxide-Epoxy Composites
2.6.1 Samples Preparation
2.6.2 Measurements of X-Ray Transmission
2.6.3 Powder Diffraction
2.6.4 Flexural Tests
2.6.5 Indentation Hardness Test
2.7 Starch Filled Bi2O3–PVA Composites
2.7.1 Materials
2.7.2 Samples Preparation
2.7.3 Density Measurements
2.7.4 Measurement of X-Ray Transmission
References
3 Microstructural Design of Lead Oxide–Epoxy Composites for Radiation Shielding Purposes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Results and Discussion
3.2.1 Density of Samples
3.2.2 X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients
3.2.3 Phase Compositions
3.2.4 Microstructures
3.3 Conclusions
References
4 Synthesis and Characterization of Pb, Bi or W Compound Filled Epoxy Composites for Shielding of Diagnostic X-Rays
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results and Discussion
4.2.1 Density
4.2.2 Effect of Filler Loading on the X-Ray Transmission (I/Io) by Epoxy-Based Composites
4.2.3 Phase Compositions
4.2.4 Microstructure Analyses
4.2.5 Mechanical Properties
4.3 Conclusions
References
5 Effect of Particle Size, Filler Loadings and X-Ray Energy on the X-Ray Attenuation Ability of Tungsten Oxide–Epoxy Composites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Results and Discussion
5.3 Conclusions
References
6 Characterisation of Micro-Sized and Nano-Sized Tungsten Oxide-Epoxy Composites for Radiation Shielding of Diagnostic X-Rays
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Results and Discussion
6.2.1 Characteristics of X-Ray Transmissions
6.2.2 Crystallite Size
6.2.3 Mechanical Properties
6.3 Conclusions
References
7 Synthesis and Characterization of Ion-Implanted Epoxy Composites for X-Ray Shielding
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Results and Discussion
7.2.1 Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS)
7.2.2 X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients
7.3 Conclusions
References
8 A Comparative Study of X-Ray Shielding Capability in Ion-Implanted Acrylic and Glass
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Results and Discussion
8.3 Conclusions
References
9 Characteristics of X-Ray Attenuation in Electrospun Bismuth Oxide/Poly-lactic Acid Nanofibre Mats
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Results and Discussion
9.2.1 Thickness Measurement
9.2.2 Porosity Measurement
9.2.3 X-Ray Transmissions
9.2.4 Microstructure Analyses
9.3 Conclusions
References
10 Effect of Bi2O3 Particle Sizes and Addition of Starch into Bi2O3–PVA Composites for X-Ray Shielding
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Results and Discussion
10.2.1 Density of the Composites
10.2.2 X-Ray Transmission by the Composites Without Starch
10.2.3 Effect of Starch Addition on the X-Ray Transmission
10.3 Conclusions
References
11 Summary and Concluding Remarks
11.1 Summary
11.1.1 Filler Dispersion Within Epoxy Resins by Melt-Mixing Method
11.1.2 Filler Dispersion Within Epoxy, Acrylic and Glass by Ion-Implantation Method
11.1.3 Filler Dispersion Within PLA Nanofibre Mats by Electrospinning Method
11.1.4 Effect of Starch Addition into PVA Composites
11.2 Concluding Remarks