Polydisperse ethoxylated fatty alcohol (EFA) surfactants can improve the performance of crop protection agents. At the cuticular level they act as accelerators of penetration by increasing the mobility of active ingredients in the cuticle, the barrier properties of which are mainly caused by cuticular waxes. Polydisperse Genapol C-050 (GP C-050, average formula C12.5E5.8) was also found to increase mobility in wax-extracted polymer matrix membranes (MX) of bitter orange and pear, indicating that sorption of surfactants increased segmental mobility of polymethylene chains in cutin and wax. Sorption into MX of the active fraction of GP C-050 from 5g litre À1 micellar solutions was in equilibrium in less than 1 h after establishing contact. This is almost 100-fold faster than with cuticular membranes (CM). Temperature dependence of solute mobilities in CM was studied in order to measure activation energies (E D ) of diffusion in the presence and absence of aqueous surfactant solutions. Monodisperse fatty alcohol ethoxylates C8E3, C8E4 and C12E6, and (non-surface-active) tributylphosphate decreased E D of the model compounds WL 110547 and bifenox in Citrus, Pyrus and Stephanotis CM by more than 100 kJ mol À1 . This corresponds to 50 to 275-fold increases of mobilities at 15 °C. Our data suggest that the decrease in activation energies with the concomitant accelerating effect on mobility contributes considerably to the effects of so-called activator surfactants. High temperature and accelerators act similarly on barrier properties of CM. It is shown that effects of both monodisperse and polydisperse EFA surfactants on solute mobility are reversible and that radiolabelled C12E8 penetrated pear CM rapidly. However, rates of penetration were lowered by excess amounts of WL 110547 and especially phenylurea.
Partition coef®cients of seven organic solutes between Capsicum fruit cuticles and GP C-050 were very low and, with the exception of methylglucose, smaller than 1. They decreased with lipophilicity and differed about 100-fold. Especially for the lipophilic compounds they were orders of magnitude lower than octanol/water or cuticle/water partition coef®cients, which indicates the limited usefulness of these values for an understanding of penetration of active ingredients from formulation residues.