Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Chapter 1 U.S. Constitutional Law
Learning Objectives
Introduction
U.S. Constitutional Law
Chapter Problems
U.S. Constitutional Law
True or False (Circle Best Answer)
References
Chapter 2 Grammar, Math, Theories, and Persuasion
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Conditional Statements
Subsets
Quantifiers
Not True Does Not Necessarily Mean False
Entrapment Example
Not Cloudy All Day . Sunny All Day
Witness Statement for Vehicle Crash
Validity of Question
Practical Application
Correlation ≠ Causation
Practical Application
Quantitative Studies vs. Qualitative Studies
Falsification
Assumptions
Consequence of Wrong Assumptions
Why Theory Is Important
Police Officers Are Communicators
Hearsay Information
Descriptive Statistics ≠ Inferential Statistics
Example of Misusing Descriptive Statistics
History of Communication and Persuasion Theories
Modes of Persuasion
Communication and Persuasion
Communication Theory
Verbal Persuasion
Nonverbal Persuasion
Implementing Communication Theories Within the Courtroom
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 3 Intelligences, Reasoning, and Flowcharting
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Multiple Intelligences
Critical Thinking and Police Action
Reasoning
Totality of Circumstances
Totality of Circumstances: Police Officer Performance Review
Regulations, Procedures, and Laws
Flowcharts
Flowcharting: Following Directions
Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Investigation
Rules
Initial Contact Team (ICT)
Field Sobriety Test Team (FSTT)
Law – Sexual Violation Law Between a Man and a Woman
Solution: Law – Sexual Violation Law Between a Man and a Woman
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 4 The Law, Truth Tables, and Venn Diagrams
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Boolean Algebra
Truth Tables
Example 1: Truth Table
Example 2: Truth Table
Example 3: Truth Table
Making a Truth Table
Order of Operations
Example 1. Generate the Headings for a Truth Table for the Following Violation of Law
Example 2. Generate the Headings for a Truth Table for the Following Law
Filling in the Truth Table With Values
Equivalency
Determining Equivalency
Example 1. Interpret the Law
Example 2. Interpret the Law
Example 3. Interpret the Law
Example 4. Interpret the Law
Example 1. Check the Answer: Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Law).
Example 2. Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Law)
Example 3. Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Rule).
Example 4. Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Law).
Example 5. Convert the Mathematical Logical Statement Into an English Logical Statement (I.e., the Rule)
Solution
Exercise: Identify the Correct Combination of Input Variables
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagram Examples: Deck of Playing Cards
Problem 1: Use a Regular Deck of Playing Cards (No Jokers)
Solution
Problem 2: Use a Regular Deck of Playing Cards (No Jokers)
Problem 3: Use a Regular Deck of Playing Cards (No Jokers)
Problem 4: Use a Regular Deck of Playing Cards (No Jokers).
Venn Diagrams: Age, Sex, Hair Color
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 5 The Law, Logic Gates, and Logic Circuits
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Logic Gates
Boolean Algebra Laws and Theorems
Laws and Theorems of Boolean Algebra (1 = True; 0 = False)
Idempotent Laws: A · A = A; B + B = B
Commutative Laws
Associative Laws
Distributive Laws
Logic Gate Designs
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9
Logic Circuits
Example 1: Given the Following Logic Circuit, What Is the Equation for the Law Violation?
Example 2: Given the Logic Circuit, Indicate the Equation for the Law
Example 3: Given the Logic Circuit, Indicate the Equation for the Law.
Example 1: Given the Rule Violation Below, Create a Logic Circuit to reflect It
Example 2: Given the Rule Violation Below, Create a Logic Circuit to reflect It.
Logic Gate Design
Exercise 1: Create a Logic Gate and Logic Circuit Design to Represent the Following Law.
Exercise 2: Create a Logic Gate and Logic Circuit Design to Represent the Following Law
Exercise 3: Create a Logic Gate and Logic Circuit Design to Represent the Following Law.
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 6 Probable Cause Affidavit, Information, Evidence, and Search Warrant
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Collecting Information
Police Reports
Probable Cause Affidavit and Information
Elements of the Crime: Probable Cause Affidavit and Information
Police Property Record and Receipt Form
Evidence Description for Lab (Quantity, Serial #, Color, Etc.)
Chain of Custody
Request for Police Laboratory Examination
Evidence Description for Lab (Quantity, Serial #, Color, Etc.)
Jail Intake Form
Correctional Medical Survey
Intake Screening and Triage
DUI Investigation
DUI Investigative Notes
Field Sobriety Directions
Walk-and-Turn
One-leg Stand
Horizontal Nystagmus
Finger Count
Backward Count
Alphabet A–Z
Alco-sensor Test
Horizontal Nystagmus
Tests to Detect Head Injuries (If “No” Is Checked, Then the Test Is Questionable)
Walk-and-turn
One-leg Stand
Backward Count
Alphabet A–Z
Finger Count
Implied Consent Warning
DataMaster Evidence Ticket
Affidavit for Probable Cause: Driving While Intoxicated
Preliminary Observations
Field Observations
Field Sobriety Tests
Chemical Test
Previous Convictions
Charging Form for Driving While Intoxicated
Search Warrant
Affidavit for Search Warrant
Order for Search Warrant
Search Warrant
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 7 Code Communication
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Police Codes
Numeric Bases
Sport Codes
Football Secret Codes for the Offense
Marked Deck of Playing Cards
Secret Codes
Computer Translation Codes
Computer Language Translations
Techniques for Ciphering and Deciphering Messages
Code Stick
Reverse the Words
Read Every Second Letter
Numbers Stand for Letters
Reverse the Alphabet
Half-Reverse Alphabet
Pigpen
Rosicrucian Cipher
Block Cipher
Keyboard Cipher
Date Shift Cipher
Keyboard Date Shift Cipher
Dot Code Key
Dot Code Example
Line Code Key
Line Code Example
Zig Zag Key
Zig Zag Code Example
Greek Square Cipher
Rail Fence Cipher
Page-Paragraph-line-word-letter
Semaphore Cipher
Braille
Morse Code
Moon’s Code
Sebald Code
Space Code
Circle Code
International Code of Signal Flags
Word Grille
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 8 Meaning of Truth
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Deviance
What Is Truth?
Personal Bias: Post-Positivists, Phenomenology, and Hermeneutics
Post-positivists
Ontology
Axiology
Epistemology
Methodology
Phenomenology
Ontology
Axiology
Epistemology
Methodology
Hermeneutics
Ontology
Axiology
Epistemology
Methodology
Ethical Systems
Test of Ethics
Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical Systems: What Is Good Behavior?
Deceiving Suspects: Is It Ethical for Police to Lie?
Ethics in Action: Gratuities
Cons of Police Officers Accepting Gratuities
Pros of Police Officers Accepting Gratuities
Theoretical Concepts and Research
Rational Choice Theory
The Looking-Glass Self Theory
Behavioral Economics Theory
Conclusion
Police Department Orientations
Rational Orientation
System Orientation
Crime Control Orientation vs. Due Process Orientation
Politics Orientation (Right Wing vs. Left Wing)
Growth Complex Orientation
Social Constructionist Orientation
Late Modernity Orientation
Oppression Orientation
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 9 Interrogatory and Deposition
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Interrogatory and Deposition
Lawyer’s Trap
Interrogatory
Deposition
Fictitious Case Report and Related Deposition Example
Trooper Olga Hernandez, Indiana State Police
Comments About the Deposition
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 10 Interviewing and Identifying Suspects
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Police–Public Encounters (Del Carmen & Hemmens, 2017)
Interviews
Open-ended Questions
Examples
Closed-ended Questions
Examples
Exercise: Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions
Presumptive Questions
Examples
Probing Questions
Pushing Probe
Information-gathering Probe
Exercise
Practical Exercise
Group Exercise
Neutral and Leading Questions
Examples
Out-of-class Exercise
The Structure of the Interview
Opening of the Interview
Example
Example
Exercise
Continuation of the Interview
Examples
Examples
Closing of the Interview
Closing Techniques
Closing the Interview Non-Verbally
Practical Exercise
Complainant, Witness, Victim, Suspect, and Criminal Informant
Police–Individual Encounters
Voluntary Statement
Interview Statement
Miranda Warning
Miranda Rights
Waiver of Rights
Legal Guardian of Juvenile
Showups, Lineups, and Photographic Lineups
In-field Showup Report
Admonition of Victims and Witnesses
Lineup Procedures
Lineup
Admonition of Victims and Witnesses
Photographic Lineup Procedures
Photographic Lineup
Admonition of Victims and Witnesses
Statement of Witness/victim
Suspect Report, Field Interview Card, and Intelligence Report
Suspect Report
Field Interview Card
Police Department: Intelligence Report
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 11 Body Language
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Human Face
Body Language and Deception
Assessing Truth and Body Language
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 12 Interrogation Techniques
Learning Objective
Introduction
Interrogation
False Confessions
Suspect Is a Juvenile And/or Has a Mental Or Psychological Impairment
Suspect Was Coerced Or Interrogated for an Inordinate Amount of Time
Credibility of Confession
Table 12.8 Interrogation Techniques
Setting the Atmosphere
Americans and Personal Space
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 13 Individuals With Disabilities
Learning Objectives
Introduction
General Practices for Interviewing People With Disabilities
Interviewing People With Intellectual Disabilities
Interviewing Individuals With Autism Disorders
Interviewing Individuals With Mental Illness
Interviewing Individuals With Visual Impairment
Interviewing Individuals With Hearing Impairments
72-Hour Medical Detention
Application for 72-Hour Medical Detention
Chapter Problems
Reference
Chapter 14 Science and Truth
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Polygraph Tests
Voice Stress Analysis
Brain Scan
Brain Fingerprinting
DNA
Handwriting Analysis
Graphology
Chapter Problems
Handwriting Assessment Form
Handwriting Assessment Form
References
Chapter 15 Media, Cybercrime, Technology, and Special Situations
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Mass Media and Police
Mass Media and the Public
Mass Media: The Elite Controlling Minorities
Media of the Less Powerful
Small-town Media
Freedom of Information Act
Terrorism
Cyberspace Crime: Internet Dangers
Cyberspace and Electronic Information
Technology and Public Service
Barriers to Technology
Overcoming Barriers
Factors for Success
Interviewing a Sex-Abused Child
Sex Offender Registries
Crimes Against Children (Hess & Orthmann, 2010)
Hostage Negotiations
Steps for Controlling the Situation
Bombs
Dirty Bomb
Bomb Threat Procedures
Background Sounds (Indiana University, 2021).
Characteristics of the Caller’s Voice (Indiana University, 2021).
Language of the Caller During the Threat (Indiana University, 2021).
Bomb Threat Call Checklist for Dispatcher (Indiana University, 2021)
Incident Command and Control Zones
Control Zones
Safety
Perception
Death Notifications
Traffic Stops (Miller, Schultz, & Hunt, 2011)
Felony Stop (Miller, Schultz, & Hunt, 2011)
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 16 Qualitative Information
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Assessing Qualitative Information
Relative Value of Information
Conclusion
Voice Inflection
Academic Research: Nomothetic and Idiographic Causal Relationships
Qualitative Information
Qualitative Study Research Designs
General Practices for Qualitative Research
Specific Practices for Qualitative Research
Qualitative Theme Analysis
Example 1: The Message of Music
Example 1. Assessing Information in Love Songs
Example 2: Ethnography—Assessing Information in a Natural Setting
Sense of Vision
Sense of Smell
Sense of Hearing
Summary
Example 3: Artifact Data—Assessing Information in Cemeteries
Artifact
Greenwood Cemetery (Lagrange, Indiana)
Headstones From 200 Years Ago
Headstones From 100 Years Ago
Headstones From About 30 Years Ago
Headstones From About 20 Years Ago
Eastbaren Cemetery (Shipshewana, Indiana)
Example 4: Focus Group Study
Focus Group Instrument
Research Question: What Is Your Perception of Police Officers and Your Respect for Police?
Additional Probing Questions
Research Question: What Is Your Perception of Police Officers and Your Respect for Police?
Probe Question: Why You Perceive That the Police, Through Their Behaviors, Have Not Earned Your Respect?
Probe Question: What Is Your Perception of the Relationship Between the Police and Minorities?
Probe Question: What Is Your Perception of the Relationship Between Minorities and Whites?
Probe Question: What Is Your Experience With Police Profiling Or Racial Discrimination?
Probe Question: What Do You Feel Is the Goal of the Local Police Department and Why?
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 17 Résumé, Job Interview, and Oral Presentations
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Résumé
Step 1
Step 2
Reverse Chronological Résumé
Work Experience
Education
Additional Training/Certifications
Technical Skills
Important Writings
Awards/Honors
Functional Résumé
Summary of Qualifications
Skills and Accomplishments
Management
Sales
Customer Service/Call Center
Human Resources
Accounting and Finance
Technical Skills
Employment History February 2002–Present
Education
Job Interview
Prior to the Job Interview
At the Job Interview
Commonly Asked Questions at Police Job Interviews
Appropriate Answers for Job Interview Questions
Oral Presentations
Example 1: Outline for Speech—Fireworks Speech
Example 2: Outline for Subpoint Speech
Example 3. Outline for Persuasion Speech
Example 4: Outline for Courtroom Testimony Speech
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Impromptu Speech
Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 18 Crime Scene Investigations
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Crime Scene Investigation
Crime Scene Supplies
Techniques for Searching the Crime Scene
Line Search Pattern
Strip Search Pattern
Grid Search Pattern
Lane Search Pattern
Circle Search Pattern
Spiral Search Pattern
Quadrant Or Zone Search Pattern
Ray Or Wheel Search Pattern
Crime Scene Investigations
Crime Scene Entry Log Sheet
Photography Log Sheet
Steps for Grassy Area: Abandoned Vehicle Search
Steps for Outdoor Crime Scene: No Suspects at Scene
Steps for Crime Scene: Inside a Room
Steps for Vehicle Search: Traffic Stop
Steps for Search of Person
Steps for Collecting Blood Evidence
Dry Blood
Wet Blood
Steps for Castings: Overview
Footprint Casting
Forensic Casting – Chisel Mark
Communicating With Nature
Forgeries and Fakes
Chapter Problems
References
Glossary
Index