Plasma Antennas Second Edition
Contents
Foreword
Foreword to the Second Edition
Preface
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments to the
Second Edition
1
Introduction
References
2 Plasma Physics for Plasma Antennas
2.1 Mathematical Models of Plasma Physics
2.2 Man-Made Plasmas and Some Applications
2.3 Basic Physics of Reflection and Transmission from a Plasma Slab Barrier
2.4 Experiments of Scattering Off of a Plasma Cylinder
2.5 Governing Plasma Fluid Equations for Applications to Plasma Antennas
2.6 Incident Signal on a Cylindrical Plasma
2.7 Fourier Expansion of the Plasma Antenna Current Density
2.8 Plasma Antenna Poynting Vector
2.9 Some Finite Element Solution Techniques for Plasma Antennas
2.9.1 Barrier Penetration
2.9.2 Calculation of Scaling Function
References
3 Fundamental Plasma Antenna Theory
3.1 Net Radiated Power from a Center-Fed Dipole Plasma Antenna
3.2 Reconfigurable Impedance of a Plasma Antenna
3.3 Thermal Noise in Plasma Antennas
References
4
Building a Basic Plasma Antenna
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Electrical Safety Warning
4.3 Building a Basic Plasma Antenna: Design I
4.4 Building a Basic Plasma Antenna: Design II
4.5 Materials
4.6 Building a Basic Plasma Antenna: Design III
5 Plasma Antenna Nesting, Stacking Plasma Antenna Arrays, and Reductionof Cosite Interference
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Physics of Reflection and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves Through Plasma
5.3 Nested Plasma Antenna Concept
5.3.1 Example of Nested Plasma Antennas
5.4 Cosite Interference Reduction Using Plasma Antennas
5.5 Plasma Antenna Nesting Experiments
References
6 Plasma Antenna Windowing: Foundation of the Smart Plasma Antenna Design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Smart Plasma Antenna Design: The Windowing Concept
6.2.1 Multiband Plasma Antennas Concept
6.2.2 Multiband and Multilobe or Both Plasma Antennas Concept
6.3 Theoretical Analysis with Numerical Results of Plasma Windows
6.3.1 Geometric Construction
6.3.2 Electromagnetic Boundary Value Problem
6.3.3 Partial Wave Expansion: Addition Theorem for Hankel Functions
6.3.4 Setting Up the Matrix Problem
6.3.5 Exact Solution for the Scattered Fields
6.3.6 Far-Field Radiation Pattern
6.3.7 Eight-Lobe Radiation Patterns for the Plasma Antenna Windowing Device
6.3.8 Dissipation in the Plasma Window Structure: Energy Conservationin an Open Resonant Cavity
References
7 Smart Plasma Antennas
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Smart Antennas
7.3 Early Design and Experimental Work for the Smart Plasma Antenna
7.4 Microcontroller for the Smart Plasma Antenna
7.5 Commercial Smart Plasma Antenna Prototype
7.6 Reconfigurable Bandwidth of the Smart Plasma Antenna
7.7 Effect of Polarization on Plasma Tubes in the Smart Plasma Antenna
7.8 Generation of Dense Plasmas at Low Average Power Input by Power Pulsing: An Energy-Efficient Technique to Obtain High-Frequency Plasma Antennas
7.9 Fabry-Perot Resonator for Faster Operation of the Smart Plasma Antenna
7.9.1 Mathematical Model for a Plasma Fabry-Perot Cavity
7.9.2 Slab Plasma
7.9.3 Cylindrical Plasma
7.10 Speculative Applications of the Smart Plasma Antenna in Wireless Technologies
7.10.1 Introduction
7.10.2 GPS-Aided and GPS-Free Positioning
7.10.3 Multihop Meshed Wireless Distribution Network Architecture
7.10.5 Adaptive Directionality
7.10.6 Cell Tower Setting
8 Plasma Frequency Selective Surfaces
8.1 Introduction
8.2.1 Method of Calculation
8.2.2 Scattering from a Partially Conducting Cylinder
8.3 Results
8.3.1 Switchable Bandstop Filter
8.3.2 Switchable Reflector
References
9 Experimental Work
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamental Plasma Antenna Experiments
9.3 Suppressing or Eliminating EMI Noise Created by the Spark-Gap Technique
9.4 Conclusions on the Plasma Reflector Antenna
9.5 Plasma Waveguides
9.6 Plasma Frequency Selective Surfaces
9.7 Pulsing Technique
9.8 Plasma Antenna Nesting Experiment
9.9 High-Power Plasma Antennas
9.9.1 Introduction
9.9.2 The High-Power Problem
9.9.3 The High-Power Solution
9.9.4 Experimental Confirmation
9.9.5 Conclusions on High-Power Plasma Antennas
9.10 Basic Plasma Density and Plasma Frequency Measurements
9.11 Plasma Density Plasma Frequency Measurements with a Microwave Interferometer and Preionization
9.11.1 Experiments on the Reflection in the S-Band Waveguide at 3.0 GHz with High Purity Argon Plasma
9.12 Ruggedization and Mechanical Robustness of Plasma Antennas
9.12.1 Embedded Plasma Antenna in Sandstone Slurry
9.12.2 Embedded Plasma Antenna in SynFoam
9.13 Miniaturization of Plasma Antennas
References
10 Directional and Electronically Steerable Plasma Antenna Systemsby Reconfigurable Multipole Expansions of Plasma Antennas
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Multipole Plasma Antenna Designs and Far Fields
References
11 Satellite Plasma Antenna Concepts
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Data Rates
11.3 Satellite Plasma Antenna Concepts and Designs
References
12 Plasma Antenna Thermal Noise
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Modified Nyquist Theorem and Thermal Noise
References
13 Steering, Focusing, and Spreading of Antenna Beams Using the Physics of Refraction of EM Waves through a Plasma
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basic Physics of Refraction Theory of Electromagnetic Waves Propagating Through a Plasma
13.3 Antenna Beam Focusing from Refraction through Plasma Experiments and Simulations
13.3.1 Peak Current versus Average Current Due to Pulsing to Ionize the Gas into a Plasma
13.3.2 Experiments on Focusing Antenna Beams with the Physics of Refraction through a Plasma
13.3.3 Simulation of Plasma Focusing by Refraction through a Plasma
13.3.4 Three-Dimensional Simulation of Plasma Focusing by Refraction through a Plasma with 10-GHz Plasma Frequency and 24-GHz Incident Frequency
13.4 Antenna Beam Steering with Refraction through a Plasma
13.4.1 Experiment with Steering from Refraction through a Plasma with 5-Amp and 8-Amp Peak Current in Pulsing
13.4.2 Experiment with Steering from Refraction through a Plasma with 5-Amp and 8-Amp Peak Current in Pulsing
13.4.3 Simulations of Steering Antenna Beams by Refraction through the Plasma with Incident Frequency of 44 GHz and Various Plasma Frequencies
13.4.4 Experiment with Steering from Refraction through a Plasma with 5-Amp and 8-Amp Peak Current in Pulsing
13.4.5 Simulations of Steering Antenna Beams by Refraction through the Plasma with Frequencies of 35 GHz to 45 GHz and Plasma Frequency Fixed at 22.9 GHz
13.4.6 Experiment with Steering from Refraction through a Plasma with 0-Amp and 8-Amp Peak Current in Pulsing
13.4.7 Simulation with Steering from Refraction through a Plasma with 0-Amp and 8-Amp Peak Current in Pulsing, Plasma Frequency 20 GHz, and Incident Frequency 44 GHz
13.4.8 3-D Simulation with Steering from Refraction through a Plasma with 8-Amp Peak Current in Pulsing, Plasma Frequency 20 GHz, and Incident Frequency 44 GHz
13.5 Simulations of Antenna Beam Steering by Refraction through a Plasma with Variations in Plasma Frequency with Main Lobe and Sidelobe Characteristics
13.6 Basic Plasma Beam-Steering Device
13.7 Antenna Beam Spreading by Refraction of EM Waves through a Plasma
13.8 Summary of Using Plasma to Focus, Steer, and Spread Antenna Beams
References
14 Pulsing Circuitry for Ionizing Plasma Antennas with Low-Power and High-Plasma Density Requirements and Surface Wave Excitation withSurfatrons
14.1 Pulsing Circuit to Ionize the Plasma with High Plasma Density and Low Power
14.2 High-Voltage Pulse Forming Network for Faster and More Efficient Pulse Generation
14.3 Ionization of the Gas into a Plasma by Surface Waves
14.3.1 Introduction to Surface Wave Ionization with Surfatrons
References
15 Radiation Patterns, S11, and VSWR of the Smart Plasma Antenna
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Smart Plasma Antenna Design
15.2.1 Typical Characteristic Plasma Values in a COTS Tube Used as a Plasma Antenna
15.3 Experimental Setup of Smart Plasma Antenna Measurements
15.3.1 Smart Plasma Antenna Tube Configurations in which Radiation Patterns were Measured
15.4 Resonance Frequency of the Smart Plasma Antenna
15.5 Measurements of S11 and VSWR
15.6 Smart Plasma Antenna Radiation Patterns
15.6.1 Radiation Pattern Measurement in an Open Field
15.6.2 Radiation Pattern Measurements in a Satimo Chamber
15.6.3 Directivity of the Smart Plasma Antenna
15.7 Simulations on the Smart Plasma Antenna with One Tube Off
15.8 VSWR Measurements on the First and Fundamental Resonance of the Smart Plasma Antenna
15.9 Future Design Improvements to Increase Gain
15.10 Wi-Fi Estimations of the Smart Plasma Antenna
15.11 Applications to 5 G and Cellular in General
15.12 Plasma Antenna with Variable Magnetic Field and Plasma Density
References
16 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography Using Plasma Antennas
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Problem with Metal RF Coils in an MRI Machine
16.3 Basic Plasma Antenna Used in Place of Metal RF Coils
16.4 Plasma Ignition in a Strong Magnetic Field
16.5 Ionizing the Gas with Surface Waves and the Surfatron Matching Circuits
16.6 Imaging Experiments with Basic Plasma Antennas
16.7 Positron Emission Tomography with Plasma Antenna RF Coils
References
17 Experiments on Cosite Interference, VSWR, and Noise of Plasma Antennas
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Cosite Interference
17.3 VSWR
17.4 Experimental Measurements of Noise
17.5 Part 2 Experiments of Cosite Interference and VSWR
17.5.1 Impedance Matching
17.5.2 30- to 88-MHz Plasma Antenna
17.5.3 116- to 174-MHz VHF Band
References
18 Plasma Metamaterial Antennas and Plasma Metamaterial Frequency Selective Surfaces, Atmospheric Plasma Antennas, Plasma Resonanceson Plasma Dipole Antennas, and Progress on Ruggedization of Plasma Antennas
18.1 Plasma Metamaterials and Plasma Photonic Bandgaps for Plasma Antennas and Plasma Frequency Selective Surfaces
18.2 Experiment in Scattering Electromagnetic Waves Off of Metal Photonic Crystal with a Metal Tube Replaced by a Plasma Column
18.3 Atmospheric Plasma Antennas
18.4 Plasma Resonances on a Cylindrical Plasma
18.4.1 Experiments and Simulations on Plasma Resonances of a Cylindrical Plasma Column
18.4.2 Simulations and Experiments of Resonances in a Plasma Dipole Antenna with a 100-MHz to 5-GHz Sweep
18.4.3 Understanding Some Charateristics of the Plasma by Pulsing the Plasma and Observing the Plasma Recombination or Decay of a Cylindrical Plasma Column
18.4.4 Simulations on a Plasma Dipole Antenna as a Function of Density and Gas Type
18.4.5 Electrically Small Monopole Antennas Using Plasma Physics
18.5 Minimum Ionization Current to Create a Plasma Antenna
18.6 Preionization Current to Make Ionization Faster and withLess Power
18.7 Progress on Ruggedization on Plasma Antennas
18.8 Radio Communication with Hypersonic Aerial Vehicle by Treating Plasma Sheath as an Antenna
References
About the Author
Index