Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: A Literature Update on Strategies for Harnessing and Conserving the Bioactive Phytochemicals from Tinospora cordifolia: Cur...
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Botanical and Pharmacogenetic Descriptions
1.2.1 Botanical Description and Distribution
1.2.2 T. cordifolia: Chemical Constituents
1.2.3 Phytochemical Constituents of T. cordifolia and Their Bioactivities
1.2.4 Medicinal Applications
1.3 Production of High-Value T. cordifolia Secondary Metabolites Through Viable In Vitro Culture-Based Platform
1.4 Conservation Strategies for Selection of Elite Germplasm of T. cordifolia
1.4.1 In Situ Conservation Using Molecular Markers
1.4.2 Ex Situ Conservation Platform
1.5 Future Prospects and Conclusion
References
2: Medicinally Important Phytoconstituents and Conservation Strategies of Neem: A Critical Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Phytochemical Synthesis of Important Bioactive Compounds and Related Pathways in Neem
2.3 Bioactivity of Neem Extracts
2.4 Conservation Strategies of Neem
2.4.1 In Situ Conservation of Neem
2.4.2 Ex Situ Conservation
2.5 Summary
References
3: An Insight into Coptis Teeta Wall., an Endangered Medicinal Plant and Its Conservation Strategies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cultivation
3.3 Phytochemistry
3.4 Pharmacology
3.5 Conservation Strategy
3.5.1 Traditional Harvesting Practices
3.5.2 In Situ Conservation
3.5.3 Ex Situ Conservation
3.6 Future Prospects
References
4: Strategies for Conservation and Production of Bioactive Phytoconstituents in Commercially Important Ocimum Species: A Review
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plant Description, Taxonomy and Geographical Distribution of Ocimum
4.2.1 Classification
4.3 Some Commercially Important Ocimum Species
4.3.1 Ocimum basilicum L
4.3.2 Ocimum sanctum L. (Syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L.)
4.3.3 Ocimum gratissimum (L.)
4.3.4 Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke
4.4 Conservation of Elite Ocimum Species Using Different Strategies
4.4.1 Tissue Culture-Based Strategies for Conservation of Elite Species
4.4.1.1 Micropropagation
4.4.1.2 Somaclones
4.4.1.3 Synthetic Seed Technology
4.5 In Vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites
4.6 Genetic Fidelity and Marker-Based Selection and Conservation of Ocimum Species
4.7 Breeding Approaches for Conservation of Elite Ocimum Species
4.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
5: Studies of Natural Product Synthesis of Withania somnifera and Their Conservation Strategy Through In Vitro Method
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Withanolide Biosynthesis of Withania somnifera
5.3 In Vitro Conservation Strategies of W. somnifera
5.3.1 In Vitro Multiplication
5.3.2 Slow Growth Conservation
5.3.3 Long-Term Conservation
5.4 Conclusion
References
6: In Vitro Studies in Andrographis paniculata Pertaining to Andrographolides Accumulation
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 In Vitro Regeneration
6.2 Andrographolide Production Through In Vitro Cultures
6.2.1 Adventitious Culture
6.2.2 Callus and Cell Suspension Culture
6.2.3 Shoot Cultures
6.2.4 In Vivo Plants
6.3 Improved Production of Andrographolide Through Different Approaches
6.3.1 Biotic Elicitation
6.3.2 Chemical Elicitation
6.3.3 Hairy Root Culturing
6.3.4 Studies Revealing the Biosynthetic Pathway
6.4 Molecular Advancements Related to AD Accumulation
6.4.1 Gene Transcripts
6.4.2 Transcription Factors
6.4.3 Proteome Analysis
6.4.4 Concluding Remarks
References
7: Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Berberis Species and In Vitro Propagation for Conservation and Quality
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Medicinal Significance of Berberis
7.3 Phytochemical Components and Their Identification from Berberis Family Plants
7.4 Conservation by Means of In Vitro Propagation
7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
8: Bioactive Compounds in Solanum viarum: Medicinal Properties, In Vitro Propagation, and Conservation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioactive Compounds of Solanum Viarum
8.3 In Vitro Propagation and Conservation
8.4 Conclusion
References
9: Biosynthesis of Essential Oils in Artemisia Species and Conservation through In Vitro Propagation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Essential Oils from the Genus Artemisia
9.3 Essential Oil Biosynthesis
9.3.1 Synthesis of Terpenes
9.3.1.1 Phase 1: Synthesis of 5-Carbon (C5) Building Blocks
9.3.1.2 Phase 2: Condensation of C5 Units to Produce C10, C15, C20, and C25 Prenyl Diphosphates
9.3.1.3 Phase 3: Use of Prenyl Diphosphates to Produce Terpenes
9.3.2 Synthesis of Phenylpropanoid Volatiles
9.4 Traditional Applications and Biological Activities of Artemisia Species Essential Oils
9.5 Conservation of Artemisia
9.5.1 In Situ Conservation of Artemisia Genus
9.5.2 Ex Situ Conservation of Artemisia Genus
9.6 Conclusion
References
10: Immunostimulatory Properties of Echinacea purpurea and Conservation Strategy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Bioactive Metabolites of Echinacea purpurea
10.3 Caffeic Acid Derivatives (Phenolic Compounds)
10.4 Polysaccharide Derivatives
10.5 Alkamides Derivatives
10.6 Conservation of Echinacea purpurea
10.7 Echinacea purpurea Mass Propagation Using Plant Tissue Culture
References
11: An Insight of Phytochemicals of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Qualitative Metabolic Profile
11.3 Steroidal Saponins
11.3.1 Steroidal Saponins in Roots
11.3.2 Steroidal Saponins in Other Plant Parts
11.3.3 Shatavarin IV
11.4 Other Metabolites
11.4.1 Carbohydrates
11.4.2 Alkaloids, Phenolics, and Flavonoids
11.4.3 Sterols, Triterpenes, Lignan, Non-lignan, and Others
11.5 GC-MS Profiling of A. racemosus
11.6 In Silico Studies
11.7 Conclusion
References
12: Ex Situ Conservation of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Preparation and Steps for Conservation of Shatavari
12.3 Ex Situ Conservation
12.4 Seed Germination
12.5 In Vitro Conservation
12.5.1 Normal Growth Culture
12.5.1.1 In Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Multiplication
12.5.1.1.1 Indirect Shoot Proliferation
12.5.1.1.2 Direct Shoot Proliferation
12.5.1.1.3 Rooting in In Vitro Cultures
12.5.1.2 Callus Culture
12.5.1.3 Somatic Embryo
12.5.1.4 Cell Culture
12.5.1.5 Other Aspects of Normal In Vitro Cultures
12.5.2 Slow-Growth Culture and Synthetic Seeds
12.6 Conventional Methods
12.6.1 Germplasm Collection
12.6.1.1 Seed Collecting
12.6.1.2 Botanical Garden
12.6.2 Field Cultivation
12.7 Genetic Conservation
12.8 Conclusion and Prospects
References
13: Recent Developments in Natural Compounds of Guggul and Production of Plant Material for Conservation and Pharmaceutical De...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Distribution
13.3 Current Status
13.4 Biology
13.4.1 Chemistry of Gum-Resin
13.4.2 Gum-Resin Production
13.4.3 Economic Importance
13.4.4 Pharmaceutical Importance
13.4.5 Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant
13.4.6 Cardioprotective Effects
13.4.7 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
13.4.8 Hypolipidemic Activity
13.4.9 Antifertility Activity
13.4.10 Cytotoxic Activity
13.5 Conservation Strategies
13.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
14: Assessment of Economically and Medicinally Important Plant Resources in Sangla Valley Region of Indian Himalaya
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Methods
14.2.1 Study Area
14.2.2 Survey, Sampling, and Data Collection
14.3 Results
14.3.1 Species Diversity and Distribution
14.3.2 Phytogeographic Affinities
14.3.3 Utilization Pattern
14.3.4 Medicinal Use and Their Applications
14.3.5 Fodder and Fuel Resources
14.3.6 Wild Edible Resources
14.3.7 Miscellaneous Uses
14.4 Discussion
14.5 Conclusion
References
15: Ethnomedicinal Pertinence and Antibacterial Prospective of Himalayan Medicinal Plants of Uttarakhand in India
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Plants with Ethanomedicinal and Antimicrobial Potential (Described with Family Classification)
15.2.1 Family-Acanthaceae: Adhatoda zeylanica Medic
15.2.2 Family-Apiaceae
15.2.2.1 Centella asiatica L.
15.2.2.2 Apium graveolens L
15.2.3 Family-Asteraceae
15.2.3.1 Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk
15.2.3.2 Anaphalis contorta (D. Don) Hook.F
15.2.3.3 Eupatorium odoratum L
15.2.4 Family-Agavaceae
15.2.4.1 Agave americana L
15.2.5 Family-Apocynaceae
15.2.5.1 Holarrhena pubescens Buch-Ham
15.2.6 Family-Acoraceae
15.2.6.1 Acorus calamus L.
15.2.7 Family-Betuleae
15.2.7.1 Betula utilis, D. Don
15.2.8 Family-Bignoniaceae
15.2.8.1 Oroxylum indicum (L) Vent
15.2.9 Family-Bombacaceae
15.2.9.1 Bombax ceiba L
15.2.10 Family-Combretaceae
15.2.10.1 Terminalia bellirica Roxb
15.2.10.2 Terminalia arjuna
15.2.11 Family-Caesalpiniaceae
15.2.11.1 Cassia fistula L
15.2.12 Family-Ephedraceae
15.2.12.1 Taxus baccata L
15.2.13 Family-Euphorbiaceae
15.2.13.1 Euphorbia neriifolia L
15.2.13.2 Emblica officinalis Gaertn
15.2.13.3 Mallotus philippensis, Linn, Muell
15.2.14 Family-Ericaceae
15.2.14.1 Rhododendron arboreum Smith
15.2.14.2 Lyonia ovalifolia Wallich Drude
15.2.15 Family-Fabeacae
15.2.15.1 Butea monosperma (Lam) Kuntz. Syn
15.2.15.2 Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. Ex Willd)
15.2.16 Family-Geraniaceae
15.2.16.1 Geranium nepalense Sweet
15.2.16.2 Geranium wallichianum D. Don Ex
15.2.17 Family-Hypoxidaceae
15.2.17.1 Curculigo orchioides, Gaerth
15.2.18 Family-Juglandaceae
15.2.18.1 Juglans regia L
15.2.19 Family-Linaceae
15.2.19.1 Linum usitatissimum L
15.2.20 Family-Lythraceae
15.2.20.1 Woodfordia fruticosa L. Kurz
15.2.21 Family-Lamiaceae
15.2.21.1 Nepeta ciliaris Benth
15.2.22 Family-Mimosaceae
15.2.22.1 Acacia catechu L
15.2.23 Family-Myrtaceae
15.2.23.1 Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith
15.2.24 Family-Moraceae
15.2.24.1 Ficus religiosa L.
15.2.25 Family-Myricaceae
15.2.25.1 Myrica esculenta D. Don
15.2.26 Family-Oleaceae
15.2.26.1 Olea europaea L
15.2.27 Family-Pinacae
15.2.27.1 Pinus roxburghii Sergeant
15.2.28 Family-Papaveracea
15.2.28.1 Argemone mexicana L
15.2.29 Family-Rosaceae
15.2.29.1 Pyrus pashia Buch Ham. Ex D.Don
15.2.29.2 Rubus ellipticus Sm
15.2.30 Family-Rutaceae
15.2.30.1 Murraya koenigii L
15.2.31 Family-Ranunculaceae
15.2.31.1 Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ex Royle
15.2.32 Family-Sterculiaceae
15.2.32.1 Abroma augusta L.
15.2.33 Family-Solanaceae
15.2.33.1 Hyoscyamus niger L
15.2.34 Family-Salvadoraceae
15.2.34.1 Salvodara persica L
15.2.35 Family-Urticaceae
15.2.35.1 Urtica dioica Linn
15.2.36 Family-Verbenaceae
15.2.36.1 Clerodendrum serratum (L)
15.2.37 Family-Valerianaceae
15.2.37.1 Valeriana jatamansi Jones
15.2.38 Family-Zingiberaceae
15.2.38.1 Kaempferia rotunda, Linn
15.3 Discussion
15.4 Conclusion
References
16: An Immune Modulator Constituent in Mucuna Pruriens L. (DC) and Biotechnological Approach for Conservation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Ursolic Acid (UA) Mediated Immune Modulation
16.3 Immune Modulation Action
16.4 Conservation Strategy Through Micropropagation
16.4.1 Materials and Methods
16.4.1.1 Explant Source, Surface Sterilization, and Establishment of Aseptic Culture
16.4.1.2 Shoot Bud Induction Multiplication Media
16.4.1.3 Media and Culture Condition
16.4.1.4 Rooting Acclimatization
16.4.1.5 Data Collection and Analysis
16.5 Results
16.5.1 Effect of Cytokinins (BA and Kin)
16.5.2 The Combined Effect of Cytokinin and Auxins
16.5.3 The Combined Effect of Cytokinin and CdCl2
16.5.4 In Vitro Rooting and Acclimatization
16.6 Discussion
16.7 Conclusion
References
17: In Vitro Cultures: Challenges and Limitations
17.1 Challenges (Fig. 17.1)
17.1.1 Contamination
17.1.2 Vitrification
17.1.3 Somaclonal Variation
17.1.4 Phenolic Exudation
17.1.5 Recalcitrance
17.1.6 Problems Associated with Somatic Embryogenesis
17.1.7 Somatic Hybridization Related Problem
17.2 Applications
17.2.1 Mass Propagation of Plants
17.2.2 Germplasm Conservation
17.2.3 Production of Disease-Free Plants
17.2.4 Synthetic Seeds
17.2.5 Hybrid Plants Through Parasexual Hybridization
17.2.6 Metabolite Production from Medicinal Plant
17.2.7 Production of Genetically Modified Plants
17.2.8 Application of Somaclonal Variation in Agriculture
17.2.9 Industrial Applications
17.3 Conclusion
References
