Plant Stress Biology

✍ Scribed by Bhoopander Giri, Mahaveer Prasad Sharma

• Publisher: Springer, Singapore
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 518
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Adapting Crop Plants to Stress in a Changing Climate
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Abiotic Stress in Plants: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Abiotic Stress
1.2.1 Temperature as Stress Factor
1.2.1.1 Low Temperature Stress
1.2.1.2 High Temperature Stress
1.2.2 Light Stress
1.2.3 Water Stress
1.2.4 Salinity Stress
1.2.5 Heavy Metal Stress
1.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Signal Transduction in Stress
1.4 Conclusions
References
2: Silicon: A Plant Nutritional ``Non-Entity´´ for Mitigating Abiotic Stresses
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Silicon: Occurrence and Sources
2.3 Silicon: Uptake, Transportation, and Accumulation
2.4 Silicon and Abiotic Stresses
2.4.1 Drought
2.4.2 Salinity Stress
2.4.3 Heavy Metal Stress
2.4.3.1 Cd Toxicity
2.4.3.2 As Toxicity
2.4.3.3 Al Toxicity
2.4.4 Thermal Stress
2.4.5 Nutrition Stress
2.4.6 UV-B Radiation Stress
2.4.7 Wounding Stress
2.4.8 High pH Stress
2.5 Necessity of Silicon in Agriculture
2.6 Future Prospects
References
3: Plant Morphological, Physiological Traits Associated with Adaptation Against Heat Stress in Wheat and Maize
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plant Responses to Heat Stress
3.2.1 Morphological Responses
3.2.1.1 Growth
3.2.1.2 Reproductive Development
3.2.1.3 Grain and Yield
3.2.2 Physiological Response
3.2.2.1 Respiration
3.2.2.2 Photosynthesis and Photosystems
3.2.2.3 Water Relations
3.2.2.4 Phytohormones
3.2.2.5 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense
3.3 Screening Methodologies for Heat Tolerance
3.4 Approaches to Mitigate Heat Stress
3.4.1 Screening and Breeding for Heat Tolerance
3.4.2 Molecular Breeding and Transgenic Approach
3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
4: Breeding and Molecular Approaches for Evolving Drought-Tolerant Soybeans
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Exploring Roots of Drought Tolerance
4.3 Breeding Approaches for Drought Tolerance in Soybean
4.3.1 Three-Tier Selection Scheme
4.3.2 Genetic and Genomic Resources
4.4 Quantitative Trait Loci for Drought Tolerance Related Traits
4.5 Genome-Wide Association Studies for Drought Tolerance Related Traits
4.6 Transcriptomic Approaches
4.7 Molecular Events During Drought Stress in Soybean
4.7.1 Signal Transduction Under Drought Stress
4.7.2 Role of Transcription Factors in Drought Tolerance
4.8 Genomics Assisted Breeding
4.9 Genetic Engineering Approaches for Developing Drought Tolerance in Soybean
4.9.1 Virus-Induced Gene Silencing: A Potential Biotechnological Tool for Rapid Elucidation of Genes Function
4.9.2 RNAi Approach: A Powerful Tool for Gene Function Studies and Enhancing Drought Tolerance in Soybean
4.9.3 Genome Editing Based Techniques
4.9.4 Rhizobial Inoculation to Enhance The Drought Stress Tolerance in Soybean
4.9.5 Application of Nanotechnology to Increase Drought Tolerance in Soybean
4.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
5: Plant Roots and Mineral Nutrition: An Overview of Molecular Basis of Uptake and Regulation, and Strategies to Improve Nutri...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Effect of Nutrient Stress on Root System Architecture
5.2.1 Altered RSA Under Mineral Nutrient Stress in Various Plants
5.3 Molecular Regulators in Nutrient Uptake and Transport
5.3.1 Nitrogen
5.3.2 Phosphorus
5.3.3 Potassium
5.3.4 Sulfur
5.4 MicroRNAs in Nutrient Uptake and Stress
5.5 Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE)
5.6 Biotechnological Strategies to Ameliorate Stress and Enhance NUE
5.6.1 Genome-Wide Studies
5.6.2 Nutrient Uptake Genes
5.6.3 Nutrient Assimilation Genes
5.6.4 Regulatory Genes Including Transcription Factors and miRNAs
5.6.5 Other Genes
5.7 Modified Root System Architecture (RSA)
5.8 Conclusion, Future Prospects, and Scope
References
6: Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: Mechanisms and Alleviation of Cold Stress in Plants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Definition and Ecological Diversity of Cold Tolerant Microorganisms
6.3 Effect of Temperature on Growth and Metabolic Activity
6.4 Determinants of Cold Tolerance in Bacteria
6.4.1 Sensing of Cold Temperature
6.4.1.1 Signal Transduction
6.4.1.2 Sensing Low Temperature via Alteration in Nucleic Acid Conformation
6.4.1.3 Sensing Low Temperature via Alteration in Protein Conformation
6.5 Exopolysaccharide Production
6.6 Cell Membrane Associated Changes
6.7 Cold-Active Enzymes
6.8 Antioxidant Enzymes
6.9 RNA Degradosomes
6.10 Cold Shock Proteins (Csps)
6.11 Cold Acclimation Proteins (Caps) or Cold Resistance Protein (CRP)
6.12 Regulation of Major Cold Shock and Cold Acclimation Genes
6.13 Freeze Tolerance in Bacteria
6.13.1 Cryoprotectants
6.13.1.1 Sugar Cryoprotectants
6.13.1.2 Amino Acid Cryoprotectants
6.13.2 Role of Ice Nucleation in Freeze Tolerance
6.13.3 Antifreeze Proteins
6.14 Biotechnological Applications
6.14.1 Biotechnological Application of Cold-Active Enzymes
6.14.1.1 Detergents Industry
6.14.1.2 Food and Pharmaceutical Industry
6.14.1.3 Molecular Biology Research
6.14.1.4 Bioremediation
6.14.2 Biological Cryoprotectants
6.14.3 Microbial Cells as Production Factories
6.15 Agriculture
6.16 Conclusions
References
7: Microbe-Mediated Mitigation of Abiotic Stress in Plants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Salt Stress Tolerance
7.3 Drought Resistance
7.4 Plastic Pollution
7.4.1 Microplastics in the Soil Environment
7.4.2 Quantification of Microplastic in Soil
7.4.3 Impact of Plastics on Soil Environment
7.5 Plastic Degrading Soil Microflora
7.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References
8: Orchestration of MicroRNAs and Transcription Factors in the Regulation of Plant Abiotic Stress Response
8.1 Introduction
8.2 TFs-miRNAs: Regulating Plant Heat Stress Response
8.3 miRNA-TFs: Regulating Drought and Salinity
8.4 miRNAs-TFs: Regulating Cold Stress
8.5 miRNA-TFs: Regulating Heavy Metal Stress
8.6 TFs-miRNA: Regulating Phosphate Homeostasis
8.7 miRNAs-TFs: Regulating Nitrogen Homeostasis
8.8 TFs-miRNA: Regulating Copper Homeostasis
8.9 TFs-miR395: Regulating Sulfate Homeostasis
8.10 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
9: Phytohormones: A Promising Alternative in Boosting Salinity Stress Tolerance in Plants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Environmental Constraints Limiting Agricultural Production
9.2.1 Salinity as Major Abiotic Stress
9.2.2 Impact of Salinity on Plants
9.3 Role of Phytohormones in Plants
9.3.1 Salicylic Acid
9.3.2 Jasmonic Acid
9.4 Approaches to Combat Salinity Stress
9.4.1 Phytohormone Treatment to Enhance Salinity Stress Tolerance
9.4.1.1 Application of Phytohormones for Salinity Tolerance in Plants Under In-Vitro Conditions
9.4.1.2 Exogenous Application of Phytohormone to Enhance Salinity Stress Tolerance in Plants
9.4.2 Transgenic Approach for Generation of Salinity-Tolerant Plants
9.4.3 Genome Editing for Salinity Stress Alleviation
9.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
10: Microbe-Mediated Biotic Stress Signaling and Resistance Mechanisms in Plants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Impact of Biotic Stresses in Plants
10.3 How Do Plants Manage Biotic Stress?
10.3.1 Recognition of Biotic Stress
10.3.2 Overcoming Biotic Stress
10.4 Microbe-Induced Resistance Against Biotic Stress in Plants
10.5 SAR Signaling
10.6 ISR Signaling
10.6.1 Elicitors of ISR
10.6.2 Root Colonization as an Early Signaling Event in ISR
10.6.3 Suppression of Plant PTI or ETI
10.6.4 Regulation of ISR
10.7 Herbivore-Induced Resistance (HIR) Signaling
10.8 Microbe-Assisted Mitigation of Biotic Stresses
10.9 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
11: Role of WRKY Transcription Factor Superfamily in Plant Disease Management
11.1 Introduction
11.2 WRKY TFs: Structure
11.3 Classification of WRKY TFs
11.4 Regulation of WRKY TFs
11.4.1 Kinases
11.4.2 Autoregulation and Cross Regulation
11.4.3 Positive and Negative Regulation
11.4.4 Epigenetic Regulation
11.4.5 Proteasome Regulation
11.4.6 Small RNA Regulation
11.5 Role of WRKY TFs Against Phytopathogens
11.5.1 Role of Host Plant WRKY Against Viral Diseases
11.5.2 Role of Host Plant WRKY Against Bacterial Diseases
11.5.3 Role of Host Plant WRKY Against Fungal Diseases
11.6 Conclusion
References
12: Unraveling the Molecular Mechanism of Magnaporthe oryzae Induced Signaling Cascade in Rice
12.1 Introduction
12.2 PTI Responses in Rice-M. oryzae Interaction
12.2.1 PRRs and PAMPs Identified So Far
12.2.2 Chitin-LysM Domain Protein-Mediated Immunity
12.2.3 MSP1-Triggered Immunity in Rice
12.2.4 MoHRIP1-Induced Signaling in Rice
12.3 Downstream Responses of PTI Signaling
12.3.1 Activation of MAPK Cascade
12.3.2 Transcription Factor (TFs)-Mediated Downstream Responses
12.3.3 Apoplastic Reactive Oxygen Species Burst
12.3.4 Production of Antimicrobial Compounds and Phytohormones
12.3.5 Callose Deposition
12.4 ETI in Rice-M. oryzae Interaction
12.4.1 Effector Suppression of PTI
12.4.2 R-Genes and Avr Effectors
12.5 Rice Blast Resistance Breeding
References
13: The Role of Endophytic Insect-Pathogenic Fungi in Biotic Stress Management
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Role of Fungal Endophytes in Plant Growth Promotion and Protection
13.3 EIPF and Their Role in Plant Growth Promotion
13.4 The Role of EIPF in Plant Defense
13.5 EIPF in Nutrient Exchange
13.6 EIPF in Plant Protection Against Pests and Diseases
13.7 Mechanisms of Plant Protection
13.8 Applications of EIPF in Sustainable Agriculture and Biotechnology
References
14: Biological Overview and Adaptability Strategies of Tamarix Plants, T. articulata and T. gallica to Abiotic Stress
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biology, Ecology, and Phylogeography of Tamarix Genus in Algeria
14.2.1 Tamarix Species Distribution in Algerian Areas
14.2.2 Biology of Tamarix Species
14.2.3 Tamarix articulata Vahll (Aphylla (L) Karst, Orientalis)
14.2.4 Tamarix gallica L.
14.3 Morphological and Anatomical Adaptation Strategies of Tamarixt to Abiotic Stress
14.3.1 Adaptation Strategies Employed by T. articulata Under Algerian Abiotic Stress Conditions
14.3.1.1 Anatomical Adaptation Strategies to Erosion Stress
14.3.1.2 Anatomical Adaptation Strategies to Drought Stress
14.3.1.3 Anatomical Adaptation Strategies to Saline Stress
14.3.2 Anatomical and Morphological Adaptation Strategies of T. gallica to Abiotic Stress Conditions
14.3.2.1 Anatomical Adaptation to Drought Stress
14.3.2.2 Anatomical Adaptation to Water Erosion
14.3.2.3 Anatomical Adaptation to Saline Stress
14.3.2.4 T. gallica Anatomical Tolerance Mechanisms to Pollutants: Arsenic
14.4 Biochemical Adaptation of Tamarix to Abiotic Stress
14.4.1 Biochemical and Physiological Adaptation Strategies of T. articulata to Abiotic Stress
14.4.1.1 Neutralization of Reactive Oxygen Species Damages
14.4.1.2 Inhibition of Abiotic Stress by Polyphenols
14.4.1.3 Biochemical Adaptation Strategies to Saline Conditions
14.4.1.4 Action of T. articulata Face to Metals Trace Elements
14.5 Biochemical and Physiological Adaptation Strategies of T. gallica to Abiotic Stress
14.5.1 T. gallica Strategy of Neutralization of Reactive Oxygen Species Damages
14.5.2 Action of Polyphenolic on T. gallica Abiotic Stress Adaptation
14.5.3 Biochemical Adaptation Strategy of T. gallica to Metals Elements Pollution
14.6 AMF Application Strategies
14.7 Conclusion
References
15: Plant Synthetic Biology: A Paradigm Shift Targeting Stress Mitigation, Reduction of Ecological Footprints and Sustainable ...
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Optimizing and Re-Designing Photosynthetic Efficiency
15.3 Ecologically Sustainable Fertilization
15.3.1 Engineering Perception of N2-Fixing Bacteria in Cereals
15.3.2 Engineering Expression of Nitrogenase in Plant Cells Organelles
15.3.3 Transfer of N2 Fixing Traits to Microorganisms Closely Associated With Non-Leguminous Crops
15.4 Green Sensors
15.5 Bioremediation and Stress Mitigation
15.6 Sustainable Bio-Manufacturing
15.7 Increasing the Nutritional Value of Crop Plants
15.8 Valuable Plant Metabolites in Microorganism
15.9 Synthetic Plant Genomes
15.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
16: Role of Calcium Signalling During Plant-Herbivore Interaction
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Generation of Calcium Signatures During Plant-Herbivore Interaction
16.3 Calcium: Transporters During Plant-Herbivore Attack
16.3.1 Ca2+-ATPases
16.3.2 Ca2+/Proton Exchangers
16.3.3 Ca2+ Channels
16.3.4 Cyclic Nucleotide: Gated Channels (CNGCs)
16.3.5 Glutamate Receptor: Like Channels (GLRCs)
16.3.6 Two: Pore Channels
16.3.7 Annexins Channels
16.4 Calcium Sensors: Perception, Decoding, and Relaying of Ca2+ Signatures
16.4.1 Calmodulin
16.4.2 Calmodulin-Like [CaM-Like]
16.4.3 Calcineurins B-Like
16.4.4 Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases
16.4.5 CaM-Dependent Protein Kinase (CCaMK)
16.5 Role of Ca2+ Signalling at Subcellular Organelles During Herbivory
16.6 Ca2+-Mediated Local and Systemic Signalling During Herbivory
16.7 Conclusion
References