Plant Breeding and Cultivar Development

✍ Scribed by D. P. Singh, A. K. Singh, A. Singh

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 662
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Plant Breeding and Cultivar Development features an optimal balance between classical and modern tools and techniques related to plant breeding. Written for a global audience and based on the extensive international experience of the authors, the book features pertinent examples from major and minor world crops. Advanced data analytics (machine learning), phenomics and artificial intelligence are explored in the book's 28 chapters that cover classical and modern plant breeding. By presenting these advancements in specific detail, private and public sector breeding programs will learn about new, effective and efficient implementation.

The insights are clear enough that non-plant breeding majoring students will find it useful to learn about the subject, while advanced level students and researchers and practitioners will find practical examples that help them implement their work.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title-page_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
Plant Breeding and Cultivar Development
Copyright_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
Copyright
Contents_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
Contents
Preface_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
Preface
Acknowledgments_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
Acknowledgments
Chapter-1---Plant-breeding--past--present--a_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultiva
1 Plant breeding: past, present, and future perspectives
Primitive agriculture and crop domestication
Pre-Mendelian plant breeding
Mendelian plant breeding
Plant breeding in the 20th and 21st centuries
Green revolution
Genetically modified crops
Molecular markers in plant breeding
Advances in image based and high-throughput phenotyping
Contributions of plant breeding to the world agriculture
Complementary role of public and private sector plant breeding
Future plant breeding
Chapter-2---Mode-of-reproduction-in-cro_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Dev
2 Mode of reproduction in crop plants
Sexual reproduction
The alternation of generation
Self-pollinated species
Mechanisms that promote self-fertilization
Genetic consequences of self-fertilization
Cross-pollinated species
Mechanisms that promote cross-fertilization
Genetic consequences of cross-fertilization
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative propagation
Apomixis
Genetic consequences of asexual reproduction
Determination of mode of reproduction
Selfing and crossing
Methods of emasculation
Precautions during emasculation
Pollination
Precautions during pollination
Male sterility and self-incompatibility
Male sterility
Self-incompatibility
Role of self-incompatibility in plant breeding
Utilization of self-incompatibility in plant breeding
Chapter-3---Genetics-in-relation-to-plan_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-De
3 Genetics in relation to plant breeding
Cell structure (typical plant cell structure)
Cell division
Mitosis
Meiosis
Chromosome
Gene
Genome
Mendelian inheritance
Law of segregation
Law of independent assortment
Gene interactions
Chi-square goodness of fit test
Linkage and crossing over
Detection of linkage
Linkage map
Incomplete dominance and codominance
Multiple alleles
Pleiotropy
Penetrance and expressivity
Modifying genes
Threshold characters
Quantitative inheritance
Cytoplasmic inheritance
Linking plant breeding with molecular biology
Chapter-4---Primer-on-population-and-quant_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-
4 Primer on population and quantitative genetics
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
Factors affecting equilibrium in the population
Types of populations in a breeding program, and mating designs
Simple populations
Three-parent cross
Double cross
Complex populations
Nested or factorial designs
Top cross
Polycross
Combining ability
Qualitative and quantitative traits
Types of gene action
Phenotype, genotype, and environment
Genotype × environment interactions and stability analyses
Stability analyses
Mean-CV
Regression coefficient type analyses
Superiority measure
Multivariate approaches
Practical consideration for a plant breeder
Heritability
Methods for estimating heritability
Modes of selection
Systems of mating
Random mating
Non-random mating
Types of response to selection
Selection theory
Expected genetic gain
Variability in the response to selection
Practical considerations for plant breeders
Few recommendations to reduce the effect of environment
Estimated breeding value
Multiple trait selection
Generation to select and population sizes
Chapter-5---Plant-genetic-resource_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Developm
5 Plant genetic resources
Interspecific hybridization
Polyploidy
Genetic diversity
Centers of origin
Primary and secondary gene centers
Megagene Centers
Microcenters
Centers and non-centers
Law of homologous series
Gene pools
National Germplasm Banks
Acclimatization
Plant quarantine
Genetic erosion
Genetic vulnerability
Prebreeding
Germplasm exploration and collection
Germplasm conservation
Molecular conservation
Evaluation of germplasm
Documentation of germplasm
Distribution of germplasm
Material Transfer Agreement
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
Text for Farmer’s Rights from The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
Utilization of germplasm
Chapter-6---Wide-hybridization_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
6 Wide hybridization
Barriers to wide hybridization
External factors
Internal factors
Triticum spp. (wheat)
Oryza spp. (rice)
Gossypium spp. (cotton)
Saccharum spp. (sugarcane)
Lycopersicon spp. (tomato)
Cajanus spp. (pigeon pea)
Cicer spp. (chickpea)
Vigna spp. (mung bean and urd bean)
Advantages of wide hybridization
Limitations of wide hybridization
Chapter-7---Haploidy-and-polyploidy-in-cr_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-D
7 Haploidy and polyploidy in crop improvement
Haploids
Common wheat
Maize
Barley
Anther, Pollen and Microspore Culture
Other crops
Techniques for chromosome doubling
Advantages and uses of haploids
Disadvantages of haploids
Polyploidy
Chapter-8---Hybridization-and-selection-in-s_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultiva
8 Hybridization and selection in self-pollinated crops
Early history of hybridization
Steps in the development of pure line cultivars
Setting plant breeding objectives
Selection of parents
Procedures of hybridization
Growing the F1 hybrid generation
Genetic basis of combination breeding
Handling of segregating generations
Reduction of inter-row competition
Chapter-9---Mass-and-pure-line-selec_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Develo
9 Mass and pure line selection
The pure line theory
Genetic basis of pure line selection
Pure line selection
General procedure of pure line selection
How pure line become impure?
How long does a pure line remain pure?
Merits of pure line selection
Limitations of pure line selection
Mass selection
Merits of mass selection
Limitations of mass selection
Chapter-10---Bulk-method_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
10 Bulk method
General procedure of bulk method
Modifications of bulk method
Salient features
Genetic basis of bulk method
Application of bulk method
Merits of bulk method
Limitations of bulk method
Chapter-11---Pedigree-method_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
11 Pedigree method
General procedures for pedigree selection
Modified pedigree methods
Early modifications of pedigree method
Early generation yield testing
Genetic basis of pedigree method
Application of pedigree method
Examples of pedigree method and its modifications in legume cultivars
Examples of modified pedigree method in the development of wheat cultivars
Merits of pedigree method
Limitations of pedigree method
Writing pedigree and selection history
F# and S# symbols
Single gene example with two homozygous parents
Using “Fx:y” or “Sx:y” to describe breeding lines according to the generation they were derived
Writing a standard pedigree
Writing a backcross pedigree
Assigning an identity number to each cross or backcross
Recording selection history using a Breeder’s cross identification designation
Chapter-12---Single-seed-descent-me_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Develop
12 Single seed descent method
Chapter-13---Backcross-method_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
13 Backcross method
The recurrent parent
Maintenance of the character under transfer
General out-line of the backcross method
Dominant gene transfer
Recessive gene transfer
Backcrossing procedures in different scenarios
Modifications of the backcross method
Genetic basis of the backcross method
Number of backcrosses
Seasons needed for backcrossing
Application of the backcross method
Merits of the backcross method
Limitations of the backcross method
Chapter-14---Mutation-breeding_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
14 Mutation breeding
Main classes of mutagenesis
Types of mutations
Spontaneous mutation and cultivar development
Induced mutation and cultivar development
Important factors to consider in mutation breeding
Mutagen(s) and their doses
Chemicals
Radiation
Choice of variety
When to use mutation breeding
Mutation breeding methodology
Identification of mutations
Scenario I: desired allele is recessive “a”
Scenario II: desired allele is dominant “A”
Major differences between seed and vegetatively propagated crops
Chapter-15---Inbreeding-depression-and-_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Dev
15 Inbreeding depression and heterosis
Effects of inbreeding
Inbreeding depression
Genetic hypotheses for inbreeding depression
Heterosis
Dominance hypothesis
Overdominance hypothesis
Dominance versus overdominance hypothesis
Non-allelic gene interaction in heterosis
Types of heterosis
Fixation of heterosis
Asexual reproduction
Apomixis
Balanced polymorphism
Polyploidy
Chapter-16---Population-improvemen_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Developm
16 Population improvement
Interpopulation improvement
Reciprocal recurrent selection
General outline of reciprocal recurrent selection—half sib
Genetic basis of reciprocal recurrent selection—half sib
Merits of reciprocal recurrent selection
Full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection
General outline of full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection
Genetic basis of full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection
Merit of full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection
Intrapopulation improvement
Mass selection
Differences between mass selection and phenotypic recurrent selection
General outline of mass selection
Genetic basis of mass selection
Merits of mass-selection
Limitations of mass-selection
Application of mass-selection
Modified mass-selection
General outline of modified mass-selection
Application of modified mass-selection
Family selection methods (genotypic selection)
A. Ear-to-row selection
1. Ear-to-row selection method (half-sib)
General outline of ear-to-row selection
Genetic basis of ear-to-row method
Merits of ear-to-row method
Limitations of ear-to-row method
2. Modified ear-to-row selection method
General outline of the modified ear-to-row selection
Genetic basis of modified ear-to-row selection
Applications of modified ear-to-row selection
Merits of modified ear-to-row selection
Limitation of modified ear-to-row selection
B. Full-sib family selection
General outline of full-sib selection
Example of the full-sib selection
Genetic basis of full-sib selection
Merits of full-sib selection
Limitations of full-sib selection
C. Selfed (S1 and S2) family selection
General outline of S1 family selection
Genetic basis of S1/S2 family selection
Merits of S1/S2 family selection
Limitation of S1/S2 family selection
Recurrent selection schemes
Recurrent selection for combining ability
General outline of recurrent selection for combining ability
Genetic basis of recurrent selection for combining ability
Merits of recurrent selection for combining ability
Limitation of recurrent selection for combining ability
Chapter-17---Recurrent-selection-in-self-p_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-
17 Recurrent selection in self-pollinated crops
Phenotypic (mass) recurrent selection with or without recombination between cycles of selection
Progeny evaluation with or without the use of male sterility
DSM system for broadening the germplasm of breeding programs
S1 and half-sibs progeny recurrent selection with or without the use of male sterility
Use of single seed descent with cyclical selection procedures
Integration of recurrent selection with genomic selection
Advantages of recurrent selection
Limitations of recurrent selection
Chapter-18---Synthetic-and-composite-v_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Deve
18 Synthetic and composite varieties
Synthetic varieties
General outline of producing synthetic varieties
Genetic basis of synthetic varieties
Synthetic varieties in forage crops
Tests to measure combining ability
General procedure of synthetic variety production for forage crops particularly those propagated clonally
Broad-based and narrow-based synthetics
Applications of synthetic varieties
Merits of synthetic varieties
Limitations of synthetic varieties
Composite varieties
General outline of composite variety development
Merits of composite varieties
Limitations of composite varieties
Chapter-19---Hybrid-varieties_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
19 Hybrid varieties
Steps in the development of hybrid varieties
Production of inbred lines
Testing of inbred lines
Prediction of hybrid performance
Improvement of existing parental lines or their replacement
Seed production of hybrids
Use of cytoplasmic male sterility in the seed production of hybrid
Hybrid varieties in horticultural plants
Hybrid varieties in self-pollinated crops
Male sterility
Self-incompatibility
How to overcome self-incompatibility?
Implications of self-incompatibility in plant breeding
Chapter-20---Breeding-methods-used-in-as_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-De
20 Breeding methods used in asexual crops
Features of vegetatively propagated crops
Breeding approaches
Clonal selection
Advantages of clonal selection
Limitation of clonal selection
Hybridization
Advantages of hybridization approach
Limitation of hybridization approach
Achievements of hybridization in asexual species
Micropropagation
Mutation breeding approaches in asexual crops
Handling of mutation-induced segregating generations
Achievements of induced mutations in asexual species
Advantage of induced mutations
Limitations of induced mutations
Apomixis
Obligate and facultative apomixis
Identification of apomixis
Use of apomixis in plant breeding
Maintenance of apomixis
Exploitation of apomixis
Advantages of apomixis
Limitations of apomixis
Chapter-21---Breeding-for-resistance-to-ab_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-
21 Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses
Mechanisms of resistance
Types of abiotic stresses
Water deficit stress
Escape
Avoidance
Tolerance
Drought recovery
Chemical
Waterlogging stress
Temperature stress
High temperature stress
Low temperature stress
Chilling stress
Freezing stress
Soil nutrient stress
Salinity and salt stress
Acid mineral stress or acid soil stress
Boron toxicity stress
Iron deficiency chlorosis stress
Breeding approaches
Direct approach
Indirect approach
Development of suitable selection criteria
Selection
Hybridization
Intraspecific hybridization
Interspecific hybridization
Mutation breeding
Production of doubled haploid
The cell/tissue culture approach
Molecular approach and its integration in breeding pipeline
Chapter-22---Breeding-for-resistance-to-b_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-D
22 Breeding for resistance to biotic stresses
Disease triangle
Definition of resistance
Types of genetic resistance to diseases
Breeding for quantitative resistance
Breeding for field resistance with qualitative resistance
Gene islands
Inheritance of resistance to diseases
Differential sets
Inheritance of virulence to plant pathogens
Gene-for-gene concept
Types of genetic resistance to insect-pests
Methods of breeding for resistance to biotic stresses
Cross-pollinated crops
Mass selection/recurrent selection
Line breeding
Polycross
Synthetic/hybrid varieties
Self-pollinated crops
Mass selection
Pure line selection
Hybridization
Mutation breeding
Vegetatively propagated crops
Management of disease and insect-pest resistance
Recycling and sequential release of resistance gene(s)
Pyramiding of resistance gene(s)
Regional deployment of resistance genes
Chromosome or genome substitutions
Multiline cultivars
Refuge-In-A-Bag
Breeding for multiple trait resistance
Chapter-23---Intellectual-property-rights-_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-
23 Intellectual property rights and protection
Intellectual property rights
Copyright
Industrial design
Layout design of integrated circuits
Trademark
Geographical indications
Trade secret
Patent
Novelty
Inventiveness (Non-obviousness)
Usefulness
Limits of a patent
Plant Breeder’s Right
Restrictions to the holders’ rights
Breeder’s exemption
Farmer’s privilege
Farmer’s rights
Advantages of PBR
Disadvantages of PBR
Chapter-24---Participatory-plant-bre_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Develo
24 Participatory plant breeding
Participatory varietal selection
Client oriented plant breeding or participatory plant breeding
Goals of client oriented plant breeding
Main stages of client oriented plant breeding
Main types of participation in participatory breeding
Justification for client oriented breeding approach and plant breeding considerations
Changes in breeding methodology to maximize farmer-scientist collaboration
Comparison of experiment station-based plant breeding and participatory plant breeding
Chapter-25---Breeding-of-crop-ideot_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Develop
25 Breeding of crop ideotypes
Maize (Zea mays L.)
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus)
Field pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh)
Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)
Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)
Considerations for ideotype breeding
Chapter-26---Field-plot-designs-in-plan_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Dev
26 Field plot designs in plant breeding
Fundamentals of experimental designs
Common replicated experimental designs in plant breeding and cultivar development
Completely randomized design
Randomized complete block design
Incomplete block designs
Common unreplicated designs in plant breeding and cultivar development
Check plot method
Grid method
Honeycomb method
Moving average method
Spatial analysis or covariance adjustment
Augmented designs and its variations
P-rep designs
Chapter-27---Molecular-tools-in-crop-improveme_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Culti
27 Molecular tools in crop improvement and cultivar development
Identification of molecular markers linked to gene or Quantitative Trait Loci of interest
Genome wide association studies
Marker assisted backcrossing
Marker assisted recurrent selection
Genomic selection
Other examples of molecular marker application in plant breeding
Practical consideration of marker applications in a breeding program
Plant transformation for crop improvement
Genome editing technology for crop improvement
Chapter-28---Phenomics-and-machine-learning-_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultiva
28 Phenomics and machine learning in crop improvement
Phenomics
Phenotyping systems
Aerial based field phenotyping systems
Ground based field phenotyping systems
Controlled environment phenotyping
Sensors
Data analytics
Machine learning
An overview of the machine learning approach
Deep learning
Phenomics and machine learning applications in plant breeding
Smart breeding
Bibliography_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
Bibliography
References
Index_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development
Index
Backcover