Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface To The First Edition
Preface To The Second Edition
Nomenclature
Part I Methodology
Chapter 1 Fundamentals
1.1 System Of Units
1.2 Fluid Properties
1.2.1 Pressure
1.2.2 Temperature
1.2.3 Density
1.2.4 Viscosity
1.2.5 Energy
1.2.6 Heat
1.3 Velocity
1.4 Important Dimensionless Ratios
1.4.1 Reynolds Number
1.4.2 Relative Roughness
1.4.3 Loss Coefficient
1.4.4 Mach Number
1.4.5 Froude Number
1.4.6 Reduced Pressure
1.4.7 Reduced Temperature
1.4.8 Ratio Of Specific Heats
1.5 Equations Of State
1.5.1 Equation Of State Of Liquids
1.5.2 Equation Of State Of Gases
1.5.3 Two‐Phase Mixtures
1.6 Flow Regimes
1.7 Similarity
1.7.1 The Principle Of Similarity
1.7.2 Limitations
References
Further Reading
Chapter 2 Conservation Equations
2.1 Conservation Of Mass
2.2 Conservation Of Momentum
2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor
2.4 Conservation Of Energy
2.4.1 Potential Energy
2.4.2 Pressure Energy
2.4.3 Kinetic Energy
2.4.4 Heat Energy
2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy
2.5 General Energy Equation
2.6 Head Loss
2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
2.8 Conventional Head Loss
2.9 Grade Lines
References
Further Reading
Chapter 3 Incompressible Flow
3.1 Conventional Head Loss
3.2 Sources Of Head Loss
3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss
3.2.2 Induced Turbulence
3.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients
References
Further Reading
Chapter 4 Compressible Flow
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Problem Solution Methods
4.3 Approximate Compressible Flow Using Incompressible Flow Equations
4.3.1 Using Inlet Or Outlet Properties
4.3.2 Using Average Of Inlet And Outlet Properties
4.3.3 Using Expansion Factors
4.4 Adiabatic Compressible Flow With Friction: Ideal Equations
4.4.1 Shapiro'S Adiabatic Flow Equation
4.4.2 Turton'S Adiabatic Flow Equation
4.4.3 Binder'S Adiabatic Flow Equation
4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow With Friction: Ideal Equation
4.6 Isentropic Flow: Treating Changes In Flow Area
4.7 Pressure Drop In Valves
4.8 Two‐Phase Flow
4.9 Example Problems: Adiabatic Flow With Friction Using Guess Work
4.9.1 Solve For P2 And T2 − K, P1, T1, And &Lwx01E87; Are Known
4.9.2 Solve For &Lwx01E87; And T2 − K, P1, T1, And P2 Are Known
4.9.3 Observations
4.10 Example Problem: Natural Gas Pipeline Flow
4.10.1 Ground Rules And Assumptions
4.10.2 Input Data
4.10.3 Initial Calculations
4.10.4 Solution
4.10.5 Comparison With Crane'S Solutions
References
Further Reading
Chapter 5 Network Analysis
5.1 Coupling Effects
5.2 Series Flow
5.3 Parallel Flow
5.4 Branching Flow
5.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger
5.5.1 Ground Rules And Assumptions
5.5.2 Input Parameters
5.5.3 Initial Calculations
5.5.4 Network Flow Equations
5.5.5 Solution
5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System
5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe
5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe
5.7 Example Problem: Main Steam Line Pressure Drop
5.7.1 Ground Rules And Assumptions
5.7.2 Input Data
5.7.3 Initial Calculations
5.7.4 Loss Coefficient Calculations
5.7.5 Pressure Drop Calculations
5.7.6 Predicted Pressure At Turbine Stop Valves
References
Further Reading
Chapter 6 Transient Analysis
6.1 Methodology
6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times
6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel With Flat Heads
6.2.2 Spherical Vessel
6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel With Elliptical Heads
6.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump
6.3.1 No Heat Transfer
6.3.2 Heat Transfer
6.4 Example Problem: Time Step Integration
6.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain
References
Further Reading
Chapter 7 Uncertainty
7.1 Error Sources
7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty
7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty
7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop
7.4.1 Input Data
7.4.2 Solution
7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate
7.5.1 Input Data
7.5.2 Solution
Further Reading
Part II Loss Coefficients
Chapter 8 Surface Friction
8.1 Reynolds Number And Surface Roughness
8.2 Friction Factor
8.2.1 Laminar Flow Region
8.2.2 Critical Zone
8.2.3 Turbulent Flow Region
8.3 The Colebrook–White Equation
8.4 The Moody Chart
8.5 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations
8.5.1 Moody'S Approximate Formula
8.5.2 Wood'S Approximate Formula
8.5.3 The Churchill 1973 And Swamee And Jain Formulas
8.5.4 Chen'S Formula
8.5.5 Shacham'S Formula
8.5.6 Barr'S Formula
8.5.7 Haaland'S Formulas
8.5.8 Manadilli'S Formula
8.5.9 Romeo'S Formula
8.5.10 Evaluation Of Explicit Alternatives To The Colebrook–White Equation
8.6 All‐Regime Friction Factor Formulas
8.6.1 Churchill'S 1977 Formula
8.6.2 Modifications To Churchill'S 1977 Formula
8.7 Absolute Roughness Of Flow Surfaces
8.8 Age And Usage Of Pipe
8.8.1 Corrosion And Encrustation
8.8.2 The Relationship Between Absolute Roughness And Friction Factor
8.8.3 Inherent Margin
8.9 Noncircular Passages
References
Further Reading
Chapter 9 Entrances
9.1 Sharp‐Edged Entrance
9.1.1 Flush Mounted
9.1.2 Mounted At A Distance
9.1.3 Mounted At An Angle
9.2 Rounded Entrance
9.3 Beveled Entrance
9.4 Entrance Through An Orifice
9.4.1 Sharp‐Edged Orifice
9.4.2 Round‐Edged Orifice
9.4.3 Thick‐Edged Orifice
9.4.4 Beveled Orifice
References
Further Reading
Chapter 10 Contractions
10.1 Flow Model
10.2 Sharp‐Edged Contraction
10.3 Rounded Contraction
10.4 Conical Contraction
10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss
10.4.2 Local Loss
10.5 Beveled Contraction
10.6 Smooth Contraction
10.7 Pipe Reducer – Contracting
References
Further Reading
Chapter 11 Expansions
11.1 Sudden Expansion
11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser
11.3 Multi‐Stage Conical Diffusers
11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser
11.3.2 Two‐Stage Conical Diffuser
11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser
11.5 Pipe Reducer – Expanding
References
Further Reading
Chapter 12 Exits
12.1 Discharge From A Straight Pipe
12.2 Discharge From A Conical Diffuser
12.3 Discharge From An Orifice
12.3.1 Sharp‐Edged Orifice
12.3.2 Round‐Edged Orifice
12.3.3 Thick‐Edged Orifice
12.3.4 Bevel‐Edged Orifice
12.4 Discharge From A Smooth Nozzle
Chapter 13 Orifices
13.1 Generalized Flow Model
13.2 Sharp‐Edged Orifice
13.2.1 In A Straight Pipe
13.2.2 In A Transition Section
13.2.3 In A Wall
13.3 Round‐Edged Orifice
13.3.1 In A Straight Pipe
13.3.2 In A Transition Section
13.3.3 In A Wall
13.4 Bevel‐Edged Orifice
13.4.1 In A Straight Pipe
13.4.2 In A Transition Section
13.4.3 In A Wall
13.5 Thick‐Edged Orifice
13.5.1 In A Straight Pipe
13.5.2 In A Transition Section
13.5.3 In A Wall
13.6 Multi‐Hole Orifices
13.7 Non‐Circular Orifices
References
Further Reading
Chapter 14 Flow Meters
14.1 Flow Nozzle
14.2 Venturi Tube
14.3 Nozzle/Venturi
References
Further Reading
Chapter 15 Bends
15.1 Overview
15.2 Bend Losses
15.2.1 Smooth‐Walled Bends
15.2.2 Welded Elbows And Pipe Bends
15.3 Coils
15.3.1 Constant Pitch Helix
15.3.2 Constant Pitch Spiral
15.4 Miter Bends
15.5 Coupled Bends
15.6 Bend Economy
References
Further Reading
Chapter 16 Tees
16.1 Overview
16.1.1 Previous Endeavors
16.1.2 ObservationsThese Observations Are For The Most Part Shared With Miller .
16.2 Diverging Tees
16.2.1 Diverging Flow Through Run
16.2.2 Diverging Flow Through Branch
16.2.3 Diverging Flow From Branch
16.3 Converging Tees
16.3.1 Converging Flow Through Run
16.3.2 Converging Flow Through Branch
16.3.3 Converging Flow Into Branch
16.4 Full‐Flow Through Run
References
Further Reading
Chapter 17 Pipe Joints
17.1 Weld Protrusion
17.2 Backing Rings
17.3 Misalignment
17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe
17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket
Chapter 18 Valves
18.1 Multiturn Valves
18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve
18.1.2 Gate Valve
18.1.3 Globe Valve
18.1.4 Pinch Valve
18.1.5 Needle Valve
18.2 Quarter‐Turn Valves
18.2.1 Ball Valve
18.2.2 Butterfly Valve
18.2.3 Plug Valve
18.3 Self‐Actuated Valves
18.3.1 Check Valve
18.3.2 Relief Valve
18.4 Control Valves
18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients
References
Further Reading
Chapter 19 Threaded Fittings
19.1 Reducers: Contracting
19.2 Reducers: Expanding
19.3 Elbows
19.4 Tees
19.5 Couplings
19.6 Valves
Reference
Further Reading
Part III Flow Phenomena
Chapter 20 Cavitation
20.1 The Nature Of Cavitation
20.2 Pipeline Design
20.3 Net Positive Suction Head
20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump Npsh
20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe
20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe
20.5 Example Problem: Pipe Entrance Cavitation
20.5.1 Input Parameters
20.5.2 Calculations And Results
Reference
Further Reading
Chapter 21 Flow‐Induced Vibration
21.1 Steady Internal Flow
21.2 Steady External Flow
21.3 Water Hammer\Sf \Textrm 4
21.4 Column Separation
References
Further Reading
Chapter 22 Temperature Rise
22.1 Head Loss
22.2 Pump Temperature Rise
22.3 Example Problem: Reactor Heat Balance
22.4 Example Problem: Vessel Heat‐Up
22.5 Example Problem: Pumping System Temperature
References
Chapter 23 Flow To Run Full
23.1 Open Flow
23.2 Full Flow
23.3 Submerged Flow
23.4 Example Problem: Reactor Application
Further Reading
Chapter 24 Jet Pump Performance
24.1 Performance Characteristics
24.2 Mixing Section Model
24.2.1 Momentum Balance
24.2.2 Drive Flow Mixing Coefficient
24.2.3 Suction Flow Mixing Coefficient
24.2.4 Discharge Flow Density
24.2.5 Discharge Flow Viscosity
24.3 Component Flow Losses
24.3.1 Surface Friction
24.3.2 Loss Coefficients
24.4 Hydraulic Performance Flow Paths
24.4.1 Drive Flow Path
24.4.2 Suction Flow Path
24.5 Flow Model Validation
24.6 Example Problem: Water–Water Jet Pump
24.6.1 Flow Conditions
24.6.2 Jet Pump Geometry
24.6.3 Preliminary Calculations
24.6.4 Loss Coefficients
24.6.5 Predicted Performance
24.7 Parametric Studies
24.7.1 Surface Finish Differences
24.7.2 Nozzle To Throat Area Ratio Variation
24.7.3 Density Differences
24.7.4 Viscosity Differences
24.7.5 Straight Line And Parabolic Performance Representations
24.8 Epilogue
References
Further Reading
Appendix A Physical Properties Of Water At 1 Atmosphere
Appendix B Pipe Size Data
Appendix C Physical Constants And Unit Conversions
Appendix D Compressibility Factor Equations
D.1 The Redlich–Kwong Equation
D.2 The Lee–Kesler Equation
D.3 Important Constants For Selected Gases
D.4 Compressibility Chart
Appendix E Adiabatic Compressible Flow With Friction Using Mach Number As A Parameter
E.1 Solution When Static Pressure And Static Temperature Are Known
E.2 Solution When Static Pressure And Total Temperature Are Known
E.3 Solution When Total Pressure And Total Temperature Are Known
E.4 Solution When Total Pressure And Static Temperature Are Known
References
Appendix F Velocity Profile Equations
F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation
F.2 Street, Watters, And Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation
References
Appendix G Speed Of Sound In Water
Appendix H Jet Pump Performance Program
INDEX
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