Physiological Systems in Insects

✍ Scribed by Marc J. Klowden, Subba Reddy Pallai

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 728
• Edition: 4
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Physiological Systems in Insects, Fourth Edition explores why insects have become the dominant animals on the planet. Sections describe the historical investigations that have led us to our current understanding of insect systems. Integrated within a basic physiological framework are modern molecular approaches that provide a glimpse of the genetic and evolutionary frameworks that testify to the unity of life on earth. This updated edition describes advances that have occurred in our understanding of hormone action, metamorphosis, and reproduction, along with new sections on the role of microbiomes, insecticide action and its metabolism, and a chapter on genetics, genomics and epigenetic systems.

The book represents a collaborative effort by two internationally known insect physiologists who have instructed graduate courses in insect physiology. As such, it is the ideal resource for entomologists and those in other fields who may require knowledge of insect systems.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Physiological Systems in Insects
Copyright
Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition
References of interest
Chapter 1 Signaling systems
Paracrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
Types of hormone release sites in insects
Early experiments that set the stage for our current understanding
Type of hormones in insects
Modes of action
Prothoracicotropic hormone
Control of prothoracicotropic hormone release and its mode of action
Ecdysteroids
Ecdysteroids and their synthesis
Control of ecdysone secretion by the prothoracic glands
Metabolism and degradation of ecdysteroids
Other sources of ecdysteroids
Mode of action of ecdysteroids
The juvenile hormones
Major types of juvenile hormone and their synthesis
Sites of juvenile hormone synthesis and control of juvenile hormone production
Postproduction regulation of juvenile hormone activity
Mode of action of juvenile hormone
Juvenile hormone analogs
Other neuropeptides found in insects
Vertebrate-type hormones in insects
References of interest
General insect endocrinology
Classic experiments in insect endocrinology
Prothoracicotropic hormone
Ecdysteroids
Juvenile hormones
Insect neuropeptides
Vertebrate-type hormones in insects
Chapter 2 Integumentary systems
Insect growth and development
Strategies for growth
Origins of holometaboly
Instars, stadia, and hidden phases
Structure of the integument
Modified features of the integument
Chemistry of the cuticle
Proteins
Chitin
Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors as insecticides
Lipids
Other components of the cuticle
The molting process
Eclosion behavior and its regulation
Sclerotization
Endocrine control of molting and metamorphosis
Signaling in cell and tissue growth
Metamorphosis and the radically changing cuticle
Changes in cuticle commitment
Imaginal disc development
Metamorphosis, cell reorganization, and cell death
References of interest
Structure and chemistry of the integument
Insect growth and metamorphosis
Chapter 3 Developmental systems
Morphogens and developmental patterns
Insect eggs
Egg membranes
Pattern formation within the oocyte
Hox genes
Embryonic development
Blastoderm formation
Formation of the germ band
Blastokinesis and dorsal closure
Formation of the gut
Formation of the nervous system
Formation of eyes
Formation of other internal organ systems
Eyespot pattern formation
Sex determination
Endocrinology of embryonic development
References of interest
Eggs and embryogenesis
Pattern and development
Chapter 4 Reproductive systems
Female reproductive systems
Events in the germarium
Other structures in the female reproductive system
Types of ovarioles
Vitellogenesis
Endocrinology of female reproduction
Ovulation, fertilization, and oviposition
Male reproductive systems
Spermatogenesis
Spermatozoa
Endocrine control of the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis
Unconventional methods of insect reproduction
Parthenogenesis
Viviparity
Polyembryony
Paedogenesis
Wolbachia and insect reproduction
Hemocelic insemination
Mating systems
References of interest
Female reproduction, vitellogenesis, mating
Male reproduction and spermatogenesis
Chapter 5 Behavioral systems
Ways of looking at behavior
Genetic basis of insect behavior
Hormonal regulation of behavior
Physiology of learning and memory
Physiology of circadian rhythms
Physiology of polyphenisms
Physiology of temporal polyethisms
Physiology of behaviors accompanying metamorphosis
Physiology of eclosion behaviors
Behavioral modulation by parasites
References of interest
Physiology of insect behavior
Physiology of eclosion behaviors
Physiology of learning and memory
Circadian rhythms and behavior
Physiology of polyphenisms
Parasite regulation of behavior
Chapter 6 Metabolic systems
The insect alimentary tract
Extraoral digestion
Basic gut structure
Anterior structures and the foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Some general considerations for insect digestion
Digestion of proteins
Digestion of carbohydrates
Digestion of lipids
Metabolic processes in insects
Insecticides targeting the midgut
The fat body
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Metabolism of proteins
Proline metabolism
Vitamins
Metabolism of lipids
Diapause as a metabolic process
References of interest
Digestion
Metabolism and nutrition
Diapause
Chapter 7 Circulatory systems
Structure of the insect circulatory system
Development of the dorsal vessel
Accessory pulsatile organs
Heartbeat and its regulation
Hemolymph composition
Hemocytes
Immune mechanisms in insects
Cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
The circulatory system and temperature variations
Cold hardiness
Thermoregulation
References of interest
Circulatory system
Immune mechanisms
Adapting to temperature changes
Chapter 8 Excretory systems
Major excretory products in insects
Excretory organs
Mechanism of Malpighian tubule secretion
Hindgut and rectum
Cryptonephridial system
Filter chamber
Hormonal control of excretion and osmoregulation
Storage excretion
Other functions of the Malpighian tubules
References of interest
Chapter 9 Respiratory systems
Supplying cells with oxygen
The tracheal system
Modifications that increase oxygen uptake
Nonrespiratory functions of tracheal systems
Discontinuous gas exchange
Aquatic respiration
Renewal of air supplies
Cutaneous respiration
Tracheal gills
Plastron respiration
Spiracular gills
Insecticides targeting respiration
References of interest
Chapter 10 Locomotor systems
Basic structure of insect muscles
Actin, myosin, and muscle activation
Types of skeletal muscles
Synchronous muscles
Asynchronous muscles
Tracheal supply to muscles
Neural excitation and modulation of muscle contraction
Myotropic peptides
Evolution of insect wings
Basic structure of the insect wing
Reynolds number, size, and insect movement
Muscles involved in wing movements
Wing movements during flight
Wing coupling and control mechanisms
Flight muscle metabolism
Terrestrial locomotion
References of interest
Insect muscles
Insect flight
Terrestrial locomotion
Chapter 11 Nervous systems
The nervous system as a key to the evolution of arthropods
Basic components of the insect nervous system
The neuron
Glial cells
Maintenance of electrical potential and nervous transmission
Neuronal stimulation
Events occurring at the synapse
Structure of the nervous system
The central nervous system
The visceral nervous system
Sensing the environment
Sensilla
Chemoreceptors
Sensory transduction
Thermoreceptors and hygroreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Infrared receptors
Visual receptors
Dorsal ocelli
Lateral ocelli
Compound eyes
Apposition compound eyes
Superposition eyes and adaptations for dim light
Visual pigments
Perception of polarized light
Magnetic sensitivity
Insecticides targeting the nervous system
Insecticide resistance
References of interest
Evolution of the insect nervous system
Nervous system structure and function
Sensory receptors—Vision
Sensory receptors—Nonvisual
Insect toxicology
Chapter 12 Communication systems
Visual communication
Visual tracking
Visual defense
Bioluminescence
Acoustical communication
Sound production by percussion
Sound production by vibration
Sound production by substrate vibration
Sound production by the expulsion of air
Tactile communication
Chemical communication
Pheromones
Releaser pheromones
Sex pheromones
Aggregation pheromones
Alarm pheromones
Trail pheromones
Epideictic pheromones
Funeral pheromones
Pheromone synthesis and release
Use of pheromones in pest management
Allelochemicals
Allomones
Kairomones
Synomones
Primer pheromones
The multicomponent nature of bee communication
References of interest
Acoustical communication
Visual communication
Chemical communication
Chapter 13 Genetics, genomics, and epigenetics
Genetics
Mutagenesis and screens to identify genes involved in physiological processes
Transformation
GAL4/UAS system
Clonal analysis
Reverse genetics approaches with RNA interference
Genome editing
Genomics
Insect genome sequencing
Annotation of genes in the genome
Insect genome sequences
Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics
Impact of genome sequence information on insect physiology
Epigenetics
DNA modifications
DNA modifications in insects
Histone modifications
Histone modifications in insects
Histone acetyltransferases
Histone deacetylases
Histone methyltransferases
Histone demethylases
Chromatin remodeling complexes
References of interest
Genetics
Genomics
Epigenetics
Glossary
Index
Back Cover