Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 4
Applications List......Page 11
Preface......Page 14
Dedication......Page 17
To Students......Page 19
Use of color......Page 20
Chapter 1: Introduction, Measurement, Estimating......Page 22
1-1 The Nature of Science......Page 23
1-2 Physics and its Relation to Other Fields......Page 25
Uncertainty......Page 26
Significant Figures......Page 27
Scientific Notation......Page 28
1-5 Units, Standards, and the SI System......Page 29
Time......Page 30
Base vs. Derived Quantities......Page 31
1-6 Converting Units......Page 32
1-7 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating......Page 34
A Harder Example-But Powerful......Page 36
1-8 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis......Page 37
MisConceptual Questions......Page 38
Problems......Page 39
General Problems......Page 40
Search and Learn......Page 41
Chapter 2: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension......Page 42
2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement......Page 43
2-2 Average Velocity......Page 44
2-3 Instantaneous Velocity......Page 46
2-4 Acceleration......Page 47
Deceleration......Page 48
2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration......Page 49
2-6 Solving Problems......Page 51
2-7 Freely Falling Objects......Page 54
Additional Example-Using the Quadratic Formula......Page 59
Velocity as Slope......Page 60
Summary......Page 61
Questions......Page 62
MisConceptual Questions......Page 63
Problems......Page 64
General Problems......Page 67
Search and Learn......Page 69
Chapter 3: Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors......Page 70
3-2 Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods......Page 71
3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar......Page 73
Components......Page 74
Adding Vectors......Page 76
3-5 Projectile Motion......Page 79
3-6 Solving Projectile Motion Problems......Page 81
Level Horizontal Range......Page 84
3-7 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic......Page 85
3-8 Relative Velocity......Page 86
Summary......Page 87
MisConceptual Questions......Page 88
Problems......Page 89
General Problems......Page 93
Search and Learn......Page 95
Chapter 4: Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion......Page 96
4-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion......Page 97
Inertial Reference Frames......Page 98
4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion......Page 99
4-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion......Page 102
4-6 Weight-the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force......Page 105
4-7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws: Free-Body Diagrams......Page 108
Tension in a Flexible Cord......Page 110
Friction......Page 114
Inclines......Page 118
Questions......Page 119
MisConceptual Questions......Page 120
Problems......Page 122
General Problems......Page 126
Search and Learn......Page 129
Chapter 5: Circular Motion; Gravitation......Page 130
5-1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion......Page 131
5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion......Page 133
5-3 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked......Page 136
5-4 Non uniform Circular Motion......Page 139
5-5 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 140
5-6 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface......Page 142
Satellite Motion......Page 143
Weightlessness......Page 145
5-8 Planets, Kepler’s Laws, and Newton’s Synthesis......Page 146
Kepler’s Third Law Derived, Sun’s Mass, Perturbations......Page 147
Sun/Earth Reference Frames......Page 149
5-10 Types of Forces in Nature......Page 150
Questions......Page 151
MisConceptual Questions......Page 152
Problems......Page 153
General Problems......Page 156
Search and Learn......Page 158
Chapter 6: Work and Energy......Page 159
6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force......Page 160
6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle......Page 163
Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 166
Potential Energy Defined in General......Page 168
Potential Energy as Stored Energy......Page 169
6-5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces......Page 170
6-6 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation......Page 171
6-7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy......Page 172
6-8 Other Forms of Energy and Energy Transformations; The Law of Conservation of Energy......Page 176
6-9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems......Page 177
Work-Energy versus Energy Conservation......Page 178
6-10 Power......Page 180
Questions......Page 182
MisConceptual Questions......Page 184
Problems......Page 185
General Problems......Page 188
Search and Learn......Page 190
Chapter 7: Linear Momentum......Page 191
7-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force......Page 192
7-2 Conservation of Momentum......Page 194
7-3 Collisions and Impulse......Page 197
7-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions......Page 198
7-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension......Page 199
7-6 Inelastic Collisions......Page 201
7-7 Collisions in Two Dimensions......Page 203
7-8 Center of Mass (CM)......Page 205
7-9 CM for the Human Body......Page 207
7-10 CM and Translational Motion......Page 208
Summary......Page 210
Questions......Page 211
MisConceptual Questions......Page 212
Problems......Page 213
General Problems......Page 216
Search and Learn......Page 218
Chapter 8: Rotational Motion......Page 219
8-1 Angular Quantities......Page 220
8-2 Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 224
8-3 Rolling Motion (Without Slipping)......Page 225
8-4 Torque......Page 227
8-5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia......Page 229
8-6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics......Page 231
8-7 Rotational Kinetic Energy......Page 233
Work Done by Torque......Page 235
8-8 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation......Page 236
8-9 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities......Page 238
Summary......Page 240
Questions......Page 241
MisConceptual Questions......Page 242
Problems......Page 243
General Problems......Page 247
Search and Learn......Page 250
Chapter 9: Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture......Page 251
9-1 The Conditions for Equilibrium......Page 252
The Second Condition for Equilibrium......Page 253
9-2 Solving Statics Problems......Page 254
A More Difficult Example-The Ladder......Page 258
9-3 Applications to Muscles and Joints......Page 259
9-4 Stability and Balance......Page 261
Young’s Modulus......Page 262
Tension, Compression, and Shear Stress......Page 264
Volume Change-Bulk Modulus......Page 265
9-6 Fracture......Page 266
9-7 Spanning a Space: Arches and Domes......Page 267
Summary......Page 270
Questions......Page 271
MisConceptual Questions......Page 272
Problems......Page 273
General Problems......Page 277
Search and Learn......Page 280
Chapter 10: Fluids......Page 281
10-2 Density and Specific Gravity......Page 282
10-3 Pressure in Fluids......Page 283
Gauge Pressure......Page 285
10-5 Pascal’s Principle......Page 286
10-6 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer......Page 287
10-7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle......Page 289
10-8 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity......Page 293
10–9 Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 295
10-10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, Blood Flow......Page 297
Sailboats......Page 298
Other Applications......Page 299
10-12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, Blood Flow......Page 300
10-13 Surface Tension and Capillarity......Page 301
Capillarity......Page 302
10-14 Pumps, and the Heart......Page 303
Questions......Page 304
MisConceptual Questions......Page 305
Problems......Page 306
General Problems......Page 310
Search and Learn......Page 312
Chapter 11: Oscillations and Waves......Page 313
11-1 Simple Harmonic Motion-Spring Oscillations......Page 314
11-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 316
11-3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM......Page 319
Period and Frequency-Derivation......Page 320
Sinusoidal Motion......Page 321
11-4 The Simple Pendulum......Page 322
11-5 Damped Harmonic Motion......Page 324
11-6 Forced Oscillations; Resonance......Page 325
11-7 Wave Motion......Page 326
11-8 Types of Waves and Their Speeds: Transverse and Longitudinal......Page 328
Speed of Longitudinal Waves......Page 329
Other Waves......Page 330
11-9 Energy Transported by Waves......Page 331
Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency......Page 332
11-10 Reflection and Transmission of Waves......Page 333
11-11 Interference; Principle of Superposition......Page 334
11-12 Standing Waves; Resonance......Page 336
11-13 Refraction......Page 338
11-14 Diffraction......Page 339
Summary......Page 340
Questions......Page 341
MisConceptual Questions......Page 342
Problems......Page 343
General Problems......Page 346
Search and Learn......Page 348
Chapter 12: Sound......Page 349
12-1 Characteristics of Sound......Page 350
Sound Level......Page 352
Intensity Related to Amplitude......Page 354
The Ear’s Response......Page 355
12-4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns......Page 356
Stringed Instruments......Page 357
Wind Instruments......Page 358
12-5 Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition......Page 361
Interference in Space......Page 362
Beats—Interference in Time......Page 363
12-7 Doppler Effect......Page 365
12-8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom......Page 369
Sonar......Page 370
Ultrasound Medical Imaging......Page 371
Summary......Page 372
Questions......Page 373
MisConceptual Questions......Page 374
Problems......Page 375
General Problems......Page 378
Search and Learn......Page 379
13-1 Atomic Theory of Matter......Page 380
13-2 Temperature and Thermometers......Page 382
Temperature Scales......Page 383
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 384
Linear Expansion......Page 385
Anomalous Behavior of Water Below 4°C......Page 387
13-5 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature......Page 388
13-6 The Ideal Gas Law......Page 390
13-7 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law......Page 391
13-8 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro’s Number......Page 393
13-9 Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature......Page 394
13-10 Distribution of Molecular Speeds......Page 397
13-11 Real Gases and Changes of Phase......Page 398
Vapor Pressure......Page 400
Partial Pressure and Humidity......Page 401
13-13 Diffusion......Page 402
Summary......Page 404
MisConceptual Questions......Page 405
Problems......Page 406
General Problems......Page 409
Search and Learn......Page 410
Chapter 14: Heat......Page 411
14-1 Heat as Energy Transfer......Page 412
Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas......Page 413
14-3 Specific Heat......Page 414
14-4 Calorimetry-Solving Problems......Page 415
Bomb Calorimeter......Page 417
14-5 Latent Heat......Page 418
Evaporation......Page 420
14-6 Heat Transfer: Conduction......Page 421
14-7 Heat Transfer: Convection......Page 423
14-8 Heat Transfer: Radiation......Page 424
Questions......Page 427
MisConceptual Questions......Page 428
Problems......Page 429
General Problems......Page 431
Search and Learn......Page 432
Chapter 15: The Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 433
15-1 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 434
Isothermal Processes (∆T=0)......Page 435
Work Done in Volume Changes......Page 436
15-3 Human Metabolism and the First Law......Page 439
15-4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction......Page 440
Steam Engine and Internal Combustion Engine......Page 441
Why a ∆T Is Needed to Drive a Heat Engine......Page 442
Carnot Engine......Page 443
15-6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps......Page 446
SEER Rating......Page 448
15-7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 449
Biological Development......Page 451
15-9 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death......Page 452
15-10 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law......Page 453
15-11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources......Page 455
Summary......Page 457
MisConceptual Questions......Page 458
Problems......Page 459
General Problems......Page 462
Search and Learn......Page 463
Chapter 16: Electric Charge and Electric Field......Page 464
16-1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation......Page 465
16-3 Insulators and Conductors......Page 466
16-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope......Page 467
16-5 Coulomb’s Law......Page 468
Adding Electric Forces; Principle of Superposition......Page 471
16-7 The Electric Field......Page 474
16-8 Electric Field Lines......Page 478
Gravitational Field......Page 479
16-9 Electric Fields and Conductors......Page 480
16-10 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication......Page 481
16-11 Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics......Page 483
16-12 Gauss’s Law......Page 484
Summary......Page 487
Questions......Page 488
MisConceptual Questions......Page 489
Problems......Page 490
General Problems......Page 492
Search and Learn......Page 493
Chapter 17: Electric Potential......Page 494
Electric Potential and Potential Difference......Page 495
Breakdown Voltage......Page 498
17-4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy......Page 499
17-5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges......Page 500
17-7 Capacitance......Page 503
17-8 Dielectrics......Page 506
17-9 Storage of Electric Energy......Page 507
Health Effects......Page 508
17-10 Digital; Binary Numbers; Signal Voltage......Page 509
Noise......Page 510
CRT......Page 511
Flat Screens and Addressing Pixels......Page 512
Oscilloscopes......Page 513
Summary......Page 514
Questions......Page 515
MisConceptual Questions......Page 516
Problems......Page 517
General Problems......Page 519
Search and Learn......Page 521
Chapter 18: Electric Currents......Page 522
18-1 The Electric Battery......Page 523
Electric Cells and Batteries......Page 524
18-2 Electric Current......Page 525
18-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors......Page 526
Some Helpful Clarifications......Page 528
18-4 Resistivity......Page 529
Temperature Dependence of Resistivity......Page 530
18-5 Electric Power......Page 531
18-6 Power in Household Circuits......Page 533
18-7 Alternating Current......Page 535
18-8 Microscopic View of Electric Current......Page 537
18-10 Electrical Conduction in the Human Nervous System......Page 538
Summary......Page 540
MisConceptual Questions......Page 541
Problems......Page 542
General Problems......Page 544
Search and Learn......Page 546
Chapter 19: DC Circuits......Page 547
19-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage......Page 548
19-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel......Page 549
19-3 Kirchhoff’s Rules......Page 553
19-4 EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery......Page 557
Safety when Jump Starting......Page 558
19-5 Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel......Page 559
Capacitor Charging......Page 560
Capacitor Discharging......Page 562
Medical and Other Applications of RC Circuits......Page 563
19-7 Electric Hazards......Page 564
Safe Wiring......Page 566
19-8 Ammeters and Voltmeters-Measurement Affects the Quantity Being Measured......Page 567
Effects of Meter Resistance......Page 568
Digital Meters......Page 569
Questions......Page 570
MisConceptual Questions......Page 571
Problems......Page 573
General Problems......Page 577
Search and Learn......Page 580
20-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields......Page 581
Uniform Magnetic Field......Page 583
20-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields......Page 584
20-3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B......Page 585
20-4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field......Page 587
The Hall Effect......Page 590
20-5 Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire......Page 591
20-6 Force between Two Parallel Wires......Page 592
20-7 Solenoids and Electromagnets......Page 593
20-8 Ampère’s Law......Page 594
Field Inside a Solenoid......Page 595
20-9 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment......Page 596
Galvanometer......Page 597
Loudspeakers and Headsets......Page 598
20-11 Mass Spectrometer......Page 599
Magnetic Permeability......Page 600
Hysteresis......Page 601
Questions......Page 602
MisConceptual Questions......Page 603
Problems......Page 604
General Problems......Page 608
Search and Learn......Page 610
Chapter 21: Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday’s Law......Page 611
21-1 Induced EMF......Page 612
21-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law......Page 613
21-3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor......Page 617
21-5 Electric Generators......Page 618
Deriving the Generator Equation......Page 619
Back EMF, in a Motor......Page 620
Eddy Currents......Page 621
21-7 Transformers and Transmission of Power......Page 622
Magnetic Storage: Read/Write on Tape and Disks......Page 625
Semiconductor Memory: DRAM, Flash......Page 626
Credit Card Reader......Page 627
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)......Page 628
Self-Inductance......Page 629
21-12 LR Circuit......Page 631
Inductor......Page 632
Capacitor......Page 633
Phasor Diagrams......Page 635
Summary......Page 637
Questions......Page 638
MisConceptual Questions......Page 639
Problems......Page 641
General Problems......Page 644
Search and Learn......Page 645
Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Waves......Page 646
Maxwell’s Fourth Equation (Ampère’s Law Extended)......Page 647
22-2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 648
22-3 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 650
22-4 Measuring the Speed of Light......Page 653
22-5 Energy in EM Waves......Page 654
22-6 Momentum Transfer and Radiation Pressure......Page 656
22-7 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication......Page 657
Summary......Page 660
MisConceptual Questions......Page 661
Problems......Page 662
General Problems......Page 663
Search and Learn......Page 664
Chapter 23: Light: Geometric Optics......Page 665
23-2 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror......Page 666
23-3 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors......Page 670
Image Formation-Ray Diagrams......Page 672
Mirror Equation and Magnification......Page 673
Concave Mirror Examples......Page 674
Seeing the Image; Seeing Yourself......Page 675
Convex Mirrors......Page 676
23-4 Index of Refraction......Page 677
23-5 Refraction: Snell’s Law......Page 678
23-6 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics......Page 680
Fiber Optics; Medical Instruments......Page 681
23-7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing......Page 682
Seeing the Image......Page 684
23-8 The Thin Lens Equation......Page 685
23-9 Combinations of Lenses......Page 689
Summary......Page 691
Questions......Page 692
MisConceptual Questions......Page 693
Problems......Page 694
General Problems......Page 697
Search and Learn......Page 699
Chapter 24: The Wave Nature of Light......Page 700
24-1 Waves vs. Particles; Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction......Page 701
24-2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of Refraction......Page 702
24-3 Interference-Young’s Double-Slit Experiment......Page 703
24-4 The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion......Page 706
24-5 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk......Page 708
24-6 Diffraction Grating......Page 711
24-7 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy......Page 713
24-8 Interference in Thin Films......Page 714
Colors in a Thin Soap Film......Page 717
Lens Coatings......Page 718
24-9 Michelson Interferometer......Page 719
Polaroids (Polarization by Absorption)......Page 720
Polarization by Reflection......Page 722
24-11 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)......Page 724
24-12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere......Page 725
Questions......Page 726
MisConceptual Questions......Page 727
Problems......Page 728
General Problems......Page 731
Search and Learn......Page 733
25-1 Cameras: Film and Digital......Page 734
Digital Artifacts......Page 735
Camera Adjustments......Page 736
Picture Sharpness......Page 738
Telephotos and Wide-angles......Page 739
25-2 The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses......Page 740
Underwater Vision......Page 742
25-3 Magnifying Glass......Page 743
25-4 Telescopes......Page 744
25-5 Compound Microscope......Page 747
25-6 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors......Page 748
25-7 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures......Page 749
25-8 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the λ Limit......Page 751
25-9 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification......Page 753
25-11 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction......Page 754
Tomography Images (CT)......Page 756
Tomographic Image Reconstruction......Page 757
Questions......Page 759
MisConceptual Questions......Page 760
Problems......Page 761
General Problems......Page 763
Search and Learn......Page 764
Chapter 26: The Special Theory of Relativity......Page 765
26-1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity......Page 766
26-2 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity......Page 769
26-3 Simultaneity......Page 770
26-4 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox......Page 771
Twin Paradox......Page 775
Global Positioning System (GPS)......Page 776
26-5 Length Contraction......Page 777
26-6 Four-Dimensional Space-Time......Page 779
26-7 Relativistic Momentum......Page 780
26-9 E=MC2; Mass and Energy......Page 781
When Do We Use Relativistic Formulas?......Page 784
26-10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities......Page 785
Summary......Page 786
MisConceptual Questions......Page 787
Problems......Page 788
General Problems......Page 790
Search and Learn......Page 791
Chapter 27: Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom......Page 792
27-1 Discovery and Properties of the Electron......Page 793
Electron Charge Measurement......Page 794
27-2 Blackbody Radiation; Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis......Page 795
27-3 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect......Page 796
Applications of the Photoelectric Effect......Page 799
27-4 Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon......Page 800
27-5 Compton Effect......Page 801
27-6 Photon Interactions; Pair Production......Page 802
27-8 Wave Nature of Matter......Page 803
Electron Diffraction......Page 804
What Is an Electron?......Page 805
27-9 Electron Microscopes......Page 806
27-10 Early Models of the Atom......Page 807
27-11 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom......Page 808
27-12 The Bohr Model......Page 810
Spectra Lines Explained......Page 813
27-13 de Broglie’s Hypothesis Applied to Atoms......Page 816
Summary......Page 817
Questions......Page 818
MisConceptual Questions......Page 819
Problems......Page 820
General Problems......Page 822
Search and Learn......Page 823
Chapter 28: Quantum Mechanics of Atoms......Page 824
28-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment......Page 825
Double-Slit Interference Experiment for Electrons......Page 826
28-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle......Page 827
28-4 Philosophic Implications; Probability versus Determinism......Page 831
28-5 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms......Page 832
28-6 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers......Page 833
Selection Rules: Allowed and Forbidden Transitions......Page 835
28-7 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle......Page 836
28-8 The Periodic Table of Elements......Page 837
28-9 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number......Page 838
28-11 Lasers......Page 841
Creating an Inverted Population......Page 842
Applications......Page 843
28-12 Holography......Page 844
Summary......Page 845
MisConceptual Questions......Page 846
Problems......Page 847
General Problems......Page 848
Search and Learn......Page 849
29-1 Bonding in Molecules......Page 850
Covalent Bonds......Page 851
Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds......Page 852
29-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules......Page 853
29-3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds......Page 855
Protein Synthesis......Page 857
29-4 Molecular Spectra......Page 858
Rotational Energy Levels in Molecules......Page 859
Vibrational Energy Levels in Molecules......Page 860
29-5 Bonding in Solids......Page 861
29-6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals; Fermi Energy......Page 862
29-7 Band Theory of Solids......Page 863
29-8 Semiconductors and Doping......Page 865
29-9 Semiconductor Diodes, LEDs, OLEDs......Page 866
Rectifiers......Page 867
LEDs......Page 868
pn Diode Lasers......Page 869
OLED Functioning (advanced)......Page 870
29-10 Transistors: Bipolar and MOSFETs......Page 871
29-11 Integrated Circuits, 22-nm Technology......Page 872
Questions......Page 873
MisConceptual Questions......Page 874
Problems......Page 875
General Problems......Page 876
Search and Learn......Page 877
Chapter 30: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity......Page 878
30-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus......Page 879
Binding Energies......Page 881
Nuclear Forces......Page 883
30-3 Radioactivity......Page 884
30-4 Alpha Decay......Page 885
Additional Example......Page 886
β- Decay......Page 887
30-6 Gamma Decay......Page 889
30-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay......Page 890
Half-Life......Page 891
Mean Life......Page 892
30-9 Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-Life......Page 893
30-10 Decay Series......Page 894
30-11 Radioactive Dating......Page 895
30-12 Stability and Tunneling......Page 897
Counters......Page 898
Visualization......Page 899
Questions......Page 900
MisConceptual Questions......Page 901
Problems......Page 902
General Problems......Page 904
Search and Learn......Page 905
31-1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements......Page 906
Cross Section......Page 909
Nuclear Fission and Chain Reactions......Page 910
Nuclear Reactors......Page 912
Atom Bomb......Page 914
Nuclear Fusion; Stars......Page 915
Possible Fusion Reactors......Page 917
31-4 Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Biological Damage......Page 919
31-5 Measurement of Radiation-Dosimetry......Page 920
Human Exposure to Radiation......Page 922
31-6 Radiation Therapy......Page 924
31-7 Tracers in Research and Medicine......Page 925
31-8 Emission Tomography: PET and SPECT......Page 926
31-9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)......Page 927
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)......Page 928
Questions......Page 930
MisConceptual Questions......Page 931
Problems......Page 932
General Problems......Page 934
Search and Learn......Page 935
Chapter 32: Elementary Particles......Page 936
32-1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators......Page 937
Cyclotron......Page 938
Synchrotron......Page 940
Colliding Beams......Page 941
32-2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics-Particle Exchange......Page 943
32-3 Particles and Antiparticles......Page 945
Negative Sea of Electrons; Vacuum State......Page 946
32-4 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws......Page 947
32-5 Neutrinos......Page 949
Neutrino Mass Estimate from a Supernova......Page 950
32-6 Particle Classification......Page 951
32-8 Strangeness? Charm? Towards a New Model......Page 953
32-9 Quarks......Page 954
32-10 The Standard Model: QCD and Electroweak Theory......Page 957
32-11 Grand Unified Theories......Page 960
Proton Decay......Page 961
GUT and Cosmology......Page 962
Summary......Page 963
MisConceptual Questions......Page 964
Problems......Page 965
General Problems......Page 966
Search and Learn......Page 967
Chapter 33: Astrophysics and Cosmology......Page 968
33-1 Stars and Galaxies......Page 969
Luminosity and Brightness of Stars......Page 972
H-R Diagram......Page 973
Stellar Evolution; Nucleosynthesis......Page 975
High Mass Stars-Supernovae, Neutron Stars, Black Holes......Page 976
Novae and Supernovae......Page 977
Parallax......Page 978
Distance via SNIa, Redshift......Page 979
33-4 General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space......Page 980
Black Holes......Page 983
33-5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and Hubble’s Law......Page 985
Scale Factor (advanced)......Page 986
Expansion, and the Cosmological Principle......Page 987
33-6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background......Page 988
The Observable Universe......Page 990
The History......Page 991
33-8 Inflation: Explaining Flatness, Uniformity, and Structure......Page 994
Galaxy Seeds, Fluctuations, Magnetic Monopoles......Page 995
Critical Density......Page 996
Dark Energy-Cosmic Acceleration......Page 997
33-10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe......Page 998
33-11 Finally.........Page 999
Summary......Page 1000
MisConceptual Questions......Page 1001
Problems......Page 1002
General Problems......Page 1003
Search and Learn......Page 1004
A-1 Relationships, Proportionality, and Equations......Page 1005
A-2 Exponents......Page 1006
A-4 Algebra......Page 1007
Solving for an Unknown......Page 1008
Two or More Unknowns......Page 1009
A-5 The Binomial Expansion......Page 1010
A-6 Plane Geometry......Page 1011
A-7 Trigonometric Functions and Identities......Page 1012
A-8 Logarithms......Page 1014
B Selected Isotopes......Page 1016
C Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces; Coriolis Effect......Page 1020
D Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy......Page 1023
Equipartition of Energy......Page 1024
Solids......Page 1025
E Galilean and Lorentz Transformations......Page 1026
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 1031
Index......Page 1047
Photo Credits......Page 1073