Physics of Comets, 3rd Edition
โ Scribed by K. S. Krishna Swamy
- Publisher
- World Scientific Publishing Company
- Year
- 2010
- Tongue
- English
- Leaves
- 460
- Series
- World Scientific Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Edition
- 3rd
- Category
- Library
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
โฆ Synopsis
This revised edition places a unique emphasis on all the new results from ground-based, satellites and space missions -- detection of molecule H2 and prompt emission lines of OH for the first time; discovery of X-rays in comets; observed diversity in chemical composition among comets; the puzzle of the constancy of spin temperature; the well-established mineralogy of cometary dust; extensive theoretical modeling carried out for understanding the observed effects; the similarity in the mineralogy of dust in circumstellar shell of stars, comets, meteorites, asteroids and IDPs, thus indicating the generic relationship between them.
โฆ Table of Contents
Contents......Page 10
Foreword......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
1.1. Historical Perspective......Page 16
1.2. Discovery......Page 19
1.3. Appearance......Page 20
1.4. Statistics......Page 21
1.5. Importance......Page 24
1.6. Brightness......Page 25
1.7. Main Characteristics......Page 28
1.8. Spacecraft Encounters with Comets......Page 34
1.9. An Overall View......Page 38
References......Page 45
2.1. Orbital Elements......Page 48
2.2.1. Relevant equations......Page 50
2.2.2. Orbital elements from position and velocity......Page 55
2.2.3. Orbital elements from observations......Page 56
Problems......Page 60
References......Page 61
3.1. Black Body Radiation......Page 62
3.3. Dissociative Equilibrium......Page 64
3.4. Doppler Shift......Page 65
3.5.1. Atomic spectroscopy......Page 66
3.5.2. Molecular spectroscopy......Page 69
3.5.3. Chemical subgroups......Page 72
3.6. Isotopic Effect......Page 73
3.7. Franck-Condon Factors......Page 74
3.8. Intensity of Emitted Lines......Page 76
3.10. -Doubling......Page 79
3.11. Photochemistry of Water......Page 80
3.12. Silicate......Page 82
3.13. Annealing......Page 83
3.14. Carbon......Page 84
3.15. Solar Radiation......Page 85
3.16. Solar Wind......Page 87
Problems......Page 88
References......Page 89
4. Spectra......Page 90
4.1. Main Characteristics......Page 91
4.2. Forbidden Transitions......Page 105
4.3. LineโtoโContinuum Ratio......Page 107
References......Page 108
5.1. Fluorescence Process......Page 110
5.1.1. Rotational structure......Page 113
5.1.2. Vibrational structure......Page 116
5.1.3. Comparison with observations......Page 117
5.1.4. Case of C2 molecule......Page 123
5.1.5. Prompt emission lines of OH......Page 129
5.1.7. OH radio lines......Page 133
5.1.9. Forbidden transitions......Page 136
5.1.10. Molecular band polarization......Page 138
5.2.1. Rotational temperature......Page 140
5.3. Abundances of Heavy Elements......Page 143
5.4. Isotopic Abundances......Page 145
Problems......Page 152
References......Page 153
6. Gas Production Rates in Coma......Page 156
6.1.1. From the total luminosity......Page 157
6.1.2. From surface brightness distribution......Page 159
6.1.3. From number densities......Page 164
6.1.4. Semi-empirical photometric theory......Page 166
6.2.1. OH and H......Page 167
6.2.2. H2O, H2......Page 173
6.2.3. CN, C2, C3, NH......Page 177
6.2.4. CH, NH2......Page 181
6.2.5. CO, CO2......Page 182
6.2.7. Ions......Page 184
6.2.8. Complex molecules......Page 186
6.2.9. O, C, N, S......Page 191
6.3.1. Analysis of Lyman measurements......Page 198
6.3.2. Analysis of H observations......Page 204
6.4.1. Gas-phase chemistry in the coma......Page 206
6.4.2. In situ mass spectrometer for ions......Page 209
6.4.3. Temperature and velocity of the coma gas......Page 211
6.5. Parent Molecules......Page 217
6.6. Chemical Diversity......Page 221
Problems......Page 222
References......Page 223
7.1. Dynamics......Page 228
7.2. Anti-tail......Page 235
7.4. Sodium Gas Tails......Page 237
7.5. Dust features......Page 238
Problems......Page 240
References......Page 241
8. Light Scattering Theory......Page 242
8.1.1. Effciency factors......Page 243
8.1.2. Albedo......Page 245
8.1.3. Scattered intensity......Page 246
8.1.4. Polarization......Page 247
8.3. Computation of Cross Sections......Page 248
8.4. Results......Page 249
8.5. Particles of Other Types......Page 253
8.6. Optical Constants......Page 258
Problems......Page 261
References......Page 262
9.1. Visible Continuum......Page 264
9.1.1. Albedo......Page 270
9.1.2. Phase function......Page 271
9.1.3. Dust production rate from continuum......Page 272
9.1.4. Dust production from A( )f......Page 274
9.2.1. Linear polarization......Page 276
9.2.2. Circular polarization......Page 281
9.3. Grain Sizes......Page 283
9.4. Infrared Measurements......Page 284
9.4.1. Dust production from infrared observations......Page 287
9.4.2. Anti-tail......Page 291
9.5. Spectral Feature......Page 293
9.5.1. Silicate signature......Page 294
9.5.2. Mineralogy of dust particles......Page 296
9.5.3. The C-H stretch feature......Page 303
9.5.4. Ice signature......Page 304
9.6. Properties Derived from Direct Measurements......Page 305
9.7. Radiation Pressure Effects......Page 309
9.8. Summary......Page 311
Problems......Page 313
References......Page 314
10.1. Evidence for the Solar Wind......Page 318
10.2. Dynamical Aberration......Page 319
10.3. Theoretical Considerations......Page 323
10.3.1. Comparison with observations......Page 329
10.4. Instabilities and Waves......Page 333
10.5. Acceleration of Cometary Ions......Page 336
10.6. Large Scale Structures......Page 338
10.6.1. Tail rays or streamers......Page 339
10.6.3. Oscillatory structure......Page 340
10.6.5. Bend in the tail......Page 341
10.6.6. Disconnection events......Page 343
10.7. X-rays......Page 345
Problems......Page 350
References......Page 351
11.1. Morphology......Page 354
11.2. Theory of Vapourization......Page 355
11.3. Outbursts .......Page 363
11.4. Albedo and Radius......Page 365
11.5. Mass, Density and Surface Gravity......Page 368
11.6. Rotation......Page 370
11.7. Nucleus Composition......Page 374
11.8. Mass Loss......Page 375
11.9. Structure......Page 376
11.10. Non-gravitational Forces......Page 380
11.11. Ortho to Para Ratio of Molecules......Page 385
11.12. Binary Systems......Page 390
11.13. Summary......Page 391
References......Page 392
12.1. Evidence for the Oort Cloud......Page 396
12.2. Evolution and Properties of Oort Cloud......Page 399
12.2.1. Short period comets......Page 404
12.3. Origin of the Oort Cloud......Page 406
12.4. Taxonomy......Page 411
Problems......Page 413
References......Page 414
13.1. Asteroids......Page 416
13.2. Meteorites......Page 421
13.3. Meteor Streams......Page 426
13.4. Particles Collected at High Altitudes......Page 431
13.5. Primordial Material......Page 434
13.6. Chemical Evolution......Page 435
13.7. Terrestrial Water......Page 438
13.8. Impact of Outside Bodies......Page 439
13.9. Overview......Page 441
Problems......Page 446
References......Page 447
14.1. Epilogue......Page 450
14.2. Future studies......Page 452
Index......Page 456
โฆ Subjects
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