Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
1 What Is Science?
1.1 Objects and Properties
1.2 Quantifying Properties
1.3 Measurement Systems
1.4 Standard Units for the Metric System
Length
Mass
Time
1.5 Metric Prefixes
1.6 Understandings from Measurements
Data
Ratios and Generalizations
The Density Ratio
Symbols and Equations
How to Solve Problems
1.7 The Nature of Science
The Scientific Method
Explanations and Investigations
Science and Society: Basic and Applied Research
Laws and Principles
Models and Theories
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
PHYSICS
2 Motion
2.1 Describing Motion
2.2 Measuring Motion
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
Forces
Science and Society: Transportation and the Environment
2.3 Horizontal Motion on Land
2.4 Falling Objects
A Closer Look: Free Fall
A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer’s Edge
2.5 Compound Motion
Vertical Projectiles
Horizontal Projectiles
2.6 Three Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Weight and Mass
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
2.7 Momentum
Conservation of Momentum
Impulse
2.8 Forces and Circular Motion
2.9 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Earth Satellites
A Closer Look: Gravity Problems
Weightlessness
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
3 Energy
3.1 Work
Units of Work
Power
A Closer Look: Simple Machines
3.2 Motion, Position, and Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
3.3 Energy Flow
Work and Energy
Energy Forms
Energy Conversion
Energy Conservation
Energy Transfer
3.4 Energy Sources Today
Science and Society: Grow Your Own Fuel?
Petroleum
Coal
Moving Water
Nuclear
Conserving Energy
3.5 Energy Sources Tomorrow
“Solar Power” Plants
Geothermal Energy
Hydrogen
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
4 Heat and Temperature
4.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory
Molecules
Molecules Interact
Phases of Matter
Molecules Move
4.2 Temperature
Thermometers
Temperature Scales
A Closer Look: Goose Bumps and Shivering
4.3 Heat
Heat as Energy Transfer
Measures of Heat
Specific Heat
Heat Flow
Science and Society: Require Insulation?
4.4 Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory
Phase Change
A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design
Evaporation and Condensation
4.5 Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law and Natural Processes
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
5 Wave Motions and Sound
5.1 Forces and Elastic Materials
Forces and Vibrations
Describing Vibrations
5.2 Waves
Kinds of Mechanical Waves
Waves in Air
5.3 Describing Waves
5.4 Sound Waves
Sound Waves in Air and Hearing
Medium Required
A Closer Look: Hearing Problems
Velocity of Sound in Air
Refraction and Reflection
Interference
5.5 Energy of Waves
How Loud Is That Sound?
Resonance
5.6 Sources of Sounds
Vibrating Strings
Science and Society: Laser Bug
Sounds from Moving Sources
Case Study: Doppler Radar
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
6 Electricity
6.1 Concepts of Electricity
Electron Theory of Charge
Measuring Electrical Charges
Electrostatic Forces
Force Fields
Electric Potential
6.2 Electric Current
The Electric Circuit
The Nature of Current
Electrical Resistance
Electrical Power and Electrical Work
6.3 Magnetism
Magnetic Poles
Magnetic Fields
The Source of Magnetic Fields
6.4 Electric Currents and Magnetism
Current Loops
Applications of Electromagnets
6.5 Electromagnetic Induction
A Closer Look: Current War
Generators
Transformers
6.6 Circuit Connections
Voltage Sources in Circuits
Science and Society: Blackout Reveals Pollution
Resistances in Circuits
A Closer Look: Solar Cells
Household Circuits
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
7 Light
7.1 Sources of Light
Case Study: Bioluminous
7.2 Properties of Light
Light Interacts with Matter
Reflection
Refraction
A Closer Look: Optics
Dispersion and Color
A Closer Look: The Rainbow
7.3 Evidence for Waves
Interference
Polarization
A Closer Look: Optic Fibers
A Closer Look: Lasers
A Closer Look: Why Is the Sky Blue?
7.4 Evidence for Particles
Photoelectric Effect
Quantization of Energy
7.5 The Present Theory
7.6 Relativity
Special Relativity
General Theory
Relativity Theory Applied
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
CHEMISTRY
8 Atoms and Periodic Properties
8.1 Atomic Structure Discovered
Discovery of the Electron
Case Study: Discovery of the Electron
The Nucleus
Case Study: Oil Drop Experiment
8.2 The Bohr Model
The Quantum Concept
Atomic Spectra
Bohr’s Theory
8.3 Quantum Mechanics
Matter Waves
Wave Mechanics
The Quantum Mechanics Model
Science and Society: Atomic Research
8.4 Electron Configuration
8.5 The Periodic Table
8.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors
A Closer Look: The Rare Earths
A Closer Look: Semiconductors
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
9 Chemical Bonds
9.1 Compounds and Chemical Change
9.2 Valence Electrons and Ions
9.3 Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
9.4 Bond Polarity
Case Study: Electronegativity
9.5 Composition of Compounds
Ionic Compound Names
Ionic Compound Formulas
Covalent Compound Names
Science and Society: Microwave Ovens and Molecular Bonds
Covalent Compound Formulas
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
10 Chemical Reactions
10.1 Chemical Formulas
Molecular and Formula Weights
Percent Composition of Compounds
10.2 Chemical Equations
Balancing Equations
Case Study: Conservation of Mass
Generalizing Equations
10.3 Types of Chemical Reactions
Combination Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Replacement Reactions
Ion Exchange Reactions
10.4 Information from Chemical Equations
Units of Measurement Used with Equations
Science and Society: The Catalytic Converter
Quantitative Uses of Equations
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
11 Water and Solutions
11.1 Household Water
Science and Society: Who Has the Right?
11.2 Properties of Water
Structure of Water Molecules
The Dissolving Process
Concentration of Solutions
A Closer Look: Decompression Sickness
Solubility
Science and Society: What Is BPA?
11.3 Properties of Water Solutions
Electrolytes
Boiling Point
Freezing Point
11.4 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Properties of Acids and Bases
Explaining Acid-Base Properties
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
The pH Scale
Properties of Salts
Hard and Soft Water
A Closer Look: Acid Rain
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
12 Organic Chemistry
12.1 Organic Compounds
12.2 Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Cycloalkanes and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
12.3 Petroleum
12.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Alcohols
Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones
Organic Acids and Esters
Science and Society: Aspirin, a Common Organic Compound
12.5 Organic Compounds of Life
Proteins
Connections: Protein Structure and Sickle-Cell Anemia
Carbohydrates
Fats and Oils
Synthetic Polymers
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
13 Nuclear Reactions
13.1 Natural Radioactivity
Nuclear Equations
The Nature of the Nucleus
Types of Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Decay Series
13.2 Measurement of Radiation
Measurement Methods
A Closer Look: How Is Half-Life Determined?
Radiation Units
A Closer Look: Carbon Dating
Radiation Exposure
13.3 Nuclear Energy
A Closer Look: Radiation and Food Preservation
Nuclear Fission
A Closer Look: Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear Fusion
A Closer Look: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima I
A Closer Look: Nuclear Waste
Science and Society: High-Level Nuclear Waste
The Source of Nuclear Energy
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
ASTRONOMY
14 The Universe
14.1 The Night Sky
14.2 Stars
Origin of Stars
Brightness of Stars
Star Temperature
Star Types
The Life of a Star
A Closer Look: Observing with New Technology
Science and Society: Light Pollution
14.3 Galaxies
A Closer Look: Extraterrestrials?
The Milky Way Galaxy
Other Galaxies
A Closer Look: Dark Energy
14.4 The Universe
A Closer Look: Dark Matter
The Age of the Universe
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
15 The Solar System
15.1 Planets Near the Sun
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Case Study: Worth the Cost?
15.2 Planets Far from the Sun
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus and Neptune
15.3 Small Bodies of the Solar System
Comets
Asteroids
Meteors and Meteorites
15.4 Origin of the Solar System
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C
15.5 Ideas About the Solar System
The Geocentric Model
The Heliocentric Model
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
16 Earth in Space
16.1 Shape and Size of Earth
16.2 Motions of Earth
Orbit
Rotation
Precession
16.3 Place and Time
Identifying Place
Measuring Time
Science and Society: Saving Time?
16.4 The Moon
Composition and Features
History of the Moon
16.5 The Earth-Moon System
Phases of the Moon
Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
Tides
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
EARTH SCIENCE
17 Rocks and Minerals
17.1 Solid Earth Materials
17.2 Minerals
Crystal Structures
Silicates and Nonsilicates
Physical Properties of Minerals
17.3 Mineral-Forming Processes
17.4 Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
A Closer Look: Asbestos
Science and Society: Using Mineral Resources
Metamorphic Rocks
17.5 The Rock Cycle
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
18 Plate Tectonics
18.1 History of Earth’s Interior
18.2 Earth’s Internal Structure
Body Waves
Surface Waves
The Crust
The Mantle
The Core
A More Detailed Structure
A Closer Look: Seismic Tomography
18.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics
Evidence from Earth’s Magnetic Field
Evidence from the Ocean
Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries
A Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement
Present-Day Understandings
Science and Society: Geothermal Energy
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
19 Building Earth’s Surface
19.1 Interpreting Earth’s Surface
19.2 Earth’s Changing Features
Stress and Strain
Folding
Joints and Faults
19.3 Earthquakes
Causes of Earthquakes
Locating and Measuring Earthquakes
Measuring Earthquake Strength
A Closer Look: Earthquake Safety
19.4 Origin of Mountains
Folded and Faulted Mountains
Volcanic Mountains
A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
20 Shaping Earth’s Surface
20.1 Changing Rocks into Soil
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Soils
20.2 Erosion
Mass Movement
Running Water
Glaciers
Wind
Science and Society: Acid Rain
20.3 Development of Landscapes
Rock Structure
Weathering and Erosion Processes
Stage of Development
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
21 Geologic Time
21.1 Fossils
Early Ideas About Fossils
Types of Fossilization
21.2 Reading Rocks
Arranging Events in Order
Correlation
21.3 Geologic Time
Early Attempts at Earth Dating
Modern Techniques
The Geologic Time Scale
Geologic Periods and Typical Fossils
Mass Extinctions
Interpreting Geologic History—A Summary
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
22 The Atmosphere of Earth
22.1 The Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Pressure
Warming the Atmosphere
A Closer Look: Hole in the Ozone Layer?
Structure of the Atmosphere
22.2 The Winds
A Closer Look: The Windchill Factor
Local Wind Patterns
Science and Society: Use Wind Energy?
Global Wind Patterns
22.3 Water and the Atmosphere
Evaporation and Condensation
Fog and Clouds
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
23 Weather and Climate
23.1 Clouds and Precipitation
Cloud-Forming Processes
Origin of Precipitation
23.2 Weather Producers
Air Masses
Weather Fronts
Science and Society: Urban Heat Islands
Waves and Cyclones
Major Storms
23.3 Weather Forecasting
Climate
Major Climate Groups
Regional Climatic Influence
Describing Climates
23.4 Climate Change
Causes of Global Climate Change
Case Study: El Niño
Global Warming
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
24 Earth’s Waters
24.1 Water on Earth
Freshwater
Science and Society: Water Quality
Surface Water
Groundwater
Freshwater as a Resource
A Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment
24.2 Seawater
Oceans and Seas
The Nature of Seawater
Movement of Seawater
A Closer Look: Estuary Pollution
A Closer Look: Rogue Waves
24.3 The Ocean Floor
Summary
Key Terms
Applying the Concepts
Questions for Thought
For Further Analysis
Invitation to Inquiry
Parallel Exercises
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Index