Photonic Quantum Technologies: Science and Applications

✍ Scribed by Mohamed Benyoucef (editor)

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 770
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Photonic Quantum Technologies

Brings together top-level research results to enable the development of practical quantum devices

In Photonic Quantum Technologies: Science and Applications, the editor Mohamed Benyoucef and a team of distinguished scientists from different disciplines deliver an authoritative, one-stop overview of up-to-date research on various quantum systems. This unique book reviews the state-of-the-art research in photonic quantum technologies and bridges the fundamentals of the field with applications to provide readers from academia and industry, in one-location resource, with cutting-edge knowledge they need to have to understand and develop practical quantum systems for application in e.g., secure quantum communication, quantum metrology, and quantum computing. The book also addresses fundamental and engineering challenges en route to workable quantum devices and ways to circumvent or overcome them.

Readers will also find:

• A thorough introduction to the fundamentals of quantum technologies, including discussions of the second quantum revolution (by Nobel Laureate Alain Aspect), solid-state quantum optics, and non-classical light and quantum entanglement
• Comprehensive explorations of emerging quantum technologies and their practical applications, including quantum repeaters, satellite-based quantum communication, quantum networks, silicon quantum photonics, integrated quantum systems, and future vision
• Practical discussions of quantum technologies with artificial atoms, color centers, 2D materials, molecules, atoms, ions, and optical clocks

Perfect for molecular and solid-state physicists, Photonic Quantum Technologies: Science and Applications will also benefit industrial and academic researchers in photonics and quantum optics, graduate students in the field; engineers, chemists, and computer and material scientists.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Volume1
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Abstracts and Keywords
Chapter 1 Introduction to Quantum Photonics
1.1 The Photon
1.2 The Light–Matter Interaction
1.3 Single‐Photon Sources
1.4 Single‐Photon Detectors
1.5 Applications of the Photon in Quantum Technology
1.5.1 Quantum Communication
1.5.2 Quantum Simulation
1.5.3 Quantum Computing
References
Part I Fundamentals of Quantum Technologies
Chapter 2 The Second Quantum Revolution: From Basic Concepts to Quantum Technologies1
2.1 Two Quantum Revolutions
2.2 The First Quantum Revolution
2.2.1 The Electronics and Information Age: Quantum Mechanics Applied
2.3 Entanglement and Bell's Theorem
2.3.1 The Bohr–Einstein Debate
2.3.2 Bell's Theorem
2.4 Quantum Mechanics and Single Objects
2.4.1 From the Ensemble to the Single Quantum System
2.4.2 Quantum Jumps in Action: New Clocks and New Theoretical Methods
2.4.3 From Microscopic to Mesoscopic
2.4.4 From Mesoscopic to Macroscopic: Decoherence
2.5 The Second Quantum Revolution in Action: Quantum Information, Quantum Technologies
2.5.1 Quantum Cryptography
2.5.2 Quantum Computing
2.5.3 Quantum Computing with Real, Imperfect Systems
2.5.4 Other Quantum Technologies
2.6 Conclusion: Questioning Quantum Mechanics Is Fruitful
References
Chapter 3 Solid‐State Quantum Emitters
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Photon Correlation Functions
3.3 Quantum Emitters
3.4 Single‐Photon Sources
3.5 Purcell Enhancement
3.6 Photon Coherence
3.7 Deterministic Excitation of Quantum Emitters
3.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Single‐Photon Sources for Multi‐Photon Applications
4.1 Motivation and Applications
4.2 Nonlinear Optical Sources
4.2.1 Principles
4.2.1.1 Spontaneous Parametric Down‐Conversion
4.2.1.2 Spontaneous Four‐Wave Mixing
4.2.1.3 Phase Matching
4.2.2 Photon‐Number Purity and Heralding
4.2.3 Indistinguishability
4.2.4 Spectral Purity
4.2.4.1 Methods for High‐Purity Down‐Conversion Sources
4.2.5 Photon‐Number Purity and Brightness
4.2.6 Multiplexing Schemes
4.3 Quantum Dots
4.3.1 Advanced Excitation Schemes
4.3.2 Engineering the Quantum Dot Environment
4.3.3 Demultiplexing
References
Chapter 5 Quantum Key Distribution Protocols
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of QKD
5.2 BB84 Protocol 5.1
5.3 Security Framework
5.3.1 Security Definition
5.3.2 Security Proof Techniques
5.4 Practicalities
5.4.1 Decoy‐State QKD
5.4.2 Measurement‐Device‐Independent QKD
5.4.3 Other Practical QKD Protocols
5.4.4 The Problem of Implementation Security
5.5 Components of a QKD System
5.5.1 Light Sources
5.5.2 Single‐Photon Detectors
5.5.3 Linear Optical Elements
5.6 Performance
5.7 Conclusions and Future Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 From Basic Science to Technological Development: The Case for Two Avenues
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermodynamics for an Energetically Efficient Quantum Information Processing
6.2.1 On Step 2
6.2.2 On Step 4
6.3 Data Intensive Tools for Quantum Computing Science
6.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Quantum Networks in Space
7.1 Global Communication
7.2 Challenges in Global Secure Quantum Networks
7.3 Untrusted Nodes
7.3.1 Mirror Systems and Coupled Systems
7.3.2 Sources
7.3.3 Repeater
7.4 Currently Available Technology
7.4.1 Required Technology
7.4.2 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
7.4.3 Optical Link Technologies
7.4.4 Sources
7.4.5 Repeater
7.4.5.1 Overview
7.4.5.2 Optical Fibers
7.4.5.3 Memories
7.4.5.4 Sum of Its Parts
7.5 Summary
7.6 Acronyms
References
Part II Atoms, Ions, and Molecules: From Experimental Techniques to Recent Progress
Chapter 8 Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Planar Dielectric and Metallic Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Theory
8.2.1 Ideal Electric Dipole Emitter
8.2.2 Interaction of Plane Waves with Planar Layered Structures
8.2.3 Electric Dipole Emission
8.2.4 Angular Distribution of Radiation and Detection Efficiency
8.2.5 Excitation Intensity Distribution
8.2.6 Synthesis
8.3 Applications
8.3.1 Absolute Quantum Yield Measurements
8.3.2 MIET/GIET imaging
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Single Trapped Neutral Atoms in Optical Lattices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Tools for Trapping Single Neutral Atoms
9.2.1 Trapping Neutral Atoms
9.2.1.1 Magnetic Traps
9.2.1.2 Optical Dipole Traps
9.2.2 Preparing and Observing Individual Neutral Atoms
9.2.2.1 Single Neutral Atoms in a MOT
9.2.2.2 Single Neutral Atoms in Optical Dipole Traps
9.2.2.3 Detecting Single Atoms in MOTs and ODTs with High Efficiency
9.2.2.4 Detecting Single Atoms Using Optical Cavities
9.2.2.5 Detecting the Qubit State of Trapped Atoms in Free Space
9.2.2.6 Detecting the Qubit State of Atoms Trapped in Cavities
9.2.2.7 Detecting the Position of Single Atoms with High Fidelity
9.2.2.8 Simultaneous Detection of Quantum State and Position
9.2.3 Precision Transport of Atoms
9.2.3.1 Optical Conveyor Belt
9.2.3.2 Spin‐Dependent Optical Lattice
9.2.3.3 Two Overlapped Optical Conveyor Belts with Orthogonal Polarizations
9.2.3.4 Optical Conveyor Belt for Two Dimensions
9.2.4 Controlling the Motional Atomic State
9.2.5 Addressing and Controlling the Atom Position
9.3 Quantum Control of Single Trapped Atoms
9.3.1 Quantum State Transport
9.3.2 Quantum Speed Limit of Atomic Motion
9.3.3 Quantum Delocalization
9.3.3.1 Spin‐Dependent Transport
9.3.3.2 Single‐Atom Interferometer
9.3.4 Quantum Walks of Single Atoms
9.3.5 Applications of Quantum Walks
9.3.5.1 Electric and Magnetic Quantum Walks
9.3.5.2 Test of the Leggett–Garg Inequality
9.3.6 Single Atoms as Sensors
9.3.6.1 Single Atoms as Localized Quantum Probes
9.3.6.2 Single Atoms for Environmental Applications
9.4 Short Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Long‐Distance Entanglement of Atomic Qubits
10.1 Qubit Encoding in 87Rb
10.2 Trapping Single Atoms
10.3 State Preparation, Control, and Measurement of Single Atoms
10.3.1 Creation of Atom–Photon Entanglement
10.3.2 Measurement of the Atomic State
10.4 Coherence of the Atomic States
10.4.1 Interaction with Magnetic and Optical Fields
10.4.2 Control of the Magnetic Fields
10.4.3 Decoherence Caused by Polarization Dependent AC‐Stark Shift and Motion of the Atom
10.5 Creation of Long‐Distance Atom–Atom Entanglement
10.5.1 Heralded Entanglement via Entanglement Swapping
10.5.2 Operation of the Two‐Trap Setup
10.5.3 Creation and Verification of the Atom–Atom Entanglement
10.6 Employing Distributed Entanglement
10.6.1 Bell Test Simultaneously Closing Detection and Locality Loopholes
10.6.2 Advanced Protocols Based on Distributed Entanglement
10.6.3 Toward Long‐Distance Quantum Networks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Collective Light Emission of Ion Crystals in Correlated Dicke States
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structure of the Article
11.3 Fundamentals of Trapping and Laser Cooling of Ions in a Paul Trap
11.4 Light Emission of Uncorrelated Ion Crystals
11.5 Theory of Correlated Dicke States Among Trapped Ions via Projective Measurements of Scattered Photons
11.6 Theory of Collective Light Emission of Ion Crystals in Correlated Dicke States
11.7 Theory of Measuring Collective Light Emission from Linear Ion Crystals in Dicke‐Correlated States
11.8 Measurement of the Collective Light Emission of a Two Ion Crystal
11.9 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Single‐Molecule Magnets Spin Devices
12.1 Introduction
12.2 SMMs and Quantum Effects
12.2.1 Quantization
12.2.2 Quantum Coherence
12.2.3 Quantum Tunneling of the Magnetization
12.2.4 Quantum Bits and Multilevel Systems
12.3 SMMs for Single‐Molecule Devices
12.3.1 Spin Transistors
12.3.2 Spin Valve
12.4 SMMs for Quantum Technologies
12.4.1 Quantum Sensing
12.4.2 Quantum Simulations
12.4.3 Quantum Computing
12.4.4 Quantum Communication
12.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Molecular‐Ion Quantum Technologies
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Experimental Techniques
13.2.1 Ion Trapping
13.2.2 Generation of Molecular Ions and Their State Initialization
13.2.3 Cooling of Trapped Ions
13.3 Destructive State‐Readout Techniques
13.4 Quantum‐Logic Experiments on Single Trapped Molecular Ions
13.4.1 Quantum‐Nondemolition Molecular State Readout by State‐Dependent Coherent Motional Excitation
13.4.2 Molecular State Detection and Spectroscopy via a Motional Qubit
13.4.3 Molecular Quantum Logic Spectroscopy Using Resolved‐Sideband Raman Transitions
13.5 Outlook on Future Developments and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14 Optical Atomic Clocks
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Optical Atomic Clocks
14.3 Optical Clocks with a Single Trapped 171Yb+ Ion
14.4 Outlook on Future Developments
Acknowledgments
References
Volume 2
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Abstracts and keywords
Part III Spin Qubits and Quantum Memories: From Spin Properties to Physical Realizations
Chapter 15 Coherent Spin Dynamics of Colloidal Nanocrystals
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Spin‐Level Structure of Neutral and Charged Excitons
15.3 Photoluminescence in Magnetic Field
15.4 Time‐Resolved Faraday Rotation
15.5 Dynamics of Photocharging Visualized via Electron Spin Coherence
15.6 Spin–Flip Raman Scattering
15.7 Surface Magnetism
15.8 Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Colloidal NCs
15.9 New Materials: Perovskite QDs
15.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 Relaxation of Electron and Hole Spin Qubits in III–V Quantum Dots
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Solid‐State Spin Qubits
16.1.2 Spin‐Qubits for Measurement‐Based Quantum Information Processing (QIP)
16.1.3 Contents of the Chapter
16.2 Fundamental Properties and Devices Investigated
16.2.1 Key Physical Electronic and Optical Properties of Self‐Assembled Quantum Dots
16.2.2 Optical Spin Storage Photodiodes
16.2.3 Reset and Charge Readout
16.2.4 Optical Manipulation: Geometric Phase Control and Spin Echo
16.3 Relaxation Dynamics of Electron Spin Qubits
16.3.1 Theoretical Background: A Historical Perspective
16.3.2 Inhomogeneous Dephasing in a Fluctuating Overhauser Field
16.3.3 Decoherence as a Result of Time Dependent Changes in the Nuclear Spin Bath
16.3.4 Complete Depolarization Due to Dipolar Interactions in the Nuclear Spin Bath
16.4 Electron Spin Relaxation Studied in Experiments
16.4.1 Monitoring the Electron Spin Qubit Relaxation
16.5 Hole Spin Relaxation in Single Quantum Dots
16.5.1 Theory of the Anisotropic Hyperfine Coupling of Holes
16.5.2 Nuclear Spin Dynamics
16.5.3 Hole Spin Storage Devices
16.5.4 Fast Dynamics of the Central Spin
16.5.5 Slow Part of the Relaxation
16.6 Summary
Ackowledgments
References
Chapter 17 Ensemble‐Based Quantum Memory: Principle, Advance, and Application
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Memory Schemes
17.2.1 Optical Delay Line
17.2.2 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
17.2.3 Atomic Frequency Comb
17.2.4 DLCZ Scheme
17.2.5 Other Schemes
17.3 Performance Criteria
17.3.1 Working Wavelength
17.3.2 Efficiency
17.3.3 Storage Time
17.3.4 Fidelity
17.3.5 Bandwidth
17.3.6 Multimode Capacity
17.3.7 Integratability
17.4 Physical Realization
17.4.1 Gas Atomic Ensemble
17.4.2 Solid‐State Atomic Ensemble
17.5 Applications
17.5.1 Linear‐Optical Quantum Computing
17.5.2 Quantum Repeater
17.5.3 Quantum Key Distribution
17.5.4 Detection of Single Photons
17.6 Summary and Outlook
References
Part IV Solid‐State and van der Waals Material Platforms: From Single Quantum Emitters to Hybrid Integration
Chapter 18 Telecom Wavelengths InP‐Based Quantum Dots for Quantum Communication
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basic Concepts
18.2.1 Artificial and Real Atoms
18.2.2 Formation of Quantum Dots
18.2.3 Excitons in Quantum Dots
18.3 Low‐Density InP‐Based Quantum Dots
18.3.1 Low‐Density InAs QDs on Distributed Bragg Reflectors
18.3.2 Quantum Dots in Quaternary Barriers: Round‐Shaped Dots
18.3.2.1 Epitaxial Quantum Dot Growth
18.3.2.2 Structural Properties of Quantum Dots
18.3.2.3 Charged Quantum Dots
18.3.3 Quantum Dots in Binary Barriers: Symmetric Dots
18.3.3.1 Optical Properties
18.3.3.2 Magneto‐Optical Studies
18.3.3.3 Photon Extraction Efficiency
18.3.3.4 Quantum Dots in Photonic Crystal Cavities
18.3.3.5 Radiative Lifetime
18.4 Symmetric InP‐Based Quantum Dots as Quantum Light Sources
18.5 Challenges and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 Quantum Optics with Solid‐State Color Centers
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Color Centers
19.2.1 Diamond
19.2.1.1 Material Considerations
19.2.1.2 Nitrogen‐Vacancy Defect Center
19.2.1.3 Group IV Defect Centers
19.2.1.4 Other Color Centers in Diamond
19.2.2 Silicon Carbide
19.2.2.1 Material Properties
19.2.2.2 Prominent Color Centers
19.2.3 Other Host Materials
19.2.4 Optical Micro‐ and Nanostructures for Controlled Light‐Matter Interaction
19.2.4.1 Fabrication and Nanostructures in Diamond
19.2.4.2 Fabrication and Nanostructures in SiC
19.3 Applications
19.3.1 Color Centers as Quantum Emitters
19.3.1.1 Quantum Emitters at Room Temperature
19.3.1.2 Quantum Emitters at Cryogenic Temperatures
19.3.1.3 State‐of‐the‐art
19.3.2 Color Centers as Quantum Memories
19.3.2.1 Considerations and Figures of Merit
19.3.2.2 Physical Considerations on Cycling Transitions: Spin Initialization and State Read‐out of Qubits in Diamond
19.3.2.3 State‐of‐the‐Art
19.3.3 Color Centers for 2‐Qubit Quantum Gates
19.3.3.1 Color Centers for Spin–Photon Entanglement
19.3.3.2 Color Centers in Solid‐State Multi‐Qubit Registers
19.3.3.3 Color Centers for Remote Spin–Spin Entanglement
19.4 Proposals and Perspectives
19.4.1 Applications
19.4.2 Directions and Remaining Challenges
References
Chapter 20 Quantum Photonics with 2D Semiconductors
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Hexagonal Boron Nitride
20.1.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Semiconductors
20.1.3 Van der Waals Heterostructures
20.2 Semiconductor Quantum Emitters
20.3 Engineering 2D Semiconductor Quantum Emitters
20.3.1 Dielectric and Electrostatic Engineering
20.3.2 Strain‐Tuning
20.3.3 Site‐Controlled Implantation
20.3.4 Moiré Heterostructures
20.3.5 Heterostructure Device Functionalization
20.3.6 Integrated Photonics with 2D Quantum Emitters
20.4 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Nano‐Opto‐Electro‐Mechanical Systems for Integrated Quantum Photonics
21.1 Introduction and Overview
21.2 Device Principles
21.2.1 Tunable Beam Splitters
21.2.2 Device Speed
21.2.3 Electro‐mechanical Actuation
21.3 NOEMS Fabrication
21.4 Application of NOEMS to Quantum Photonics
21.4.1 Routing and Switching Single Photons
21.4.2 Controlling Light–Matter Interaction
21.5 Challenges and Perspectives
References
Chapter 22 Silicon Quantum Photonics ‐ Platform and Applications
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Fabrication Process
22.1.2 Passive Components
22.1.3 Active Components
22.2 Quantum State of Light on Silicon Photonics Platform
22.2.1 Toward Deterministic and Efficient Quantum Light Sources on Silicon Platform
22.2.2 Nonlinear Sources on Silicon
22.2.2.1 Fundamentals of Nonlinear Photon Sources
22.2.2.2 Multiplexing for Deterministic Photon Generation
22.2.2.3 Parasitic Effects
22.3 Applications
22.3.1 Quantum Information Processing
22.3.1.1 Measurement‐Based Model of Quantum Computation
22.3.1.2 Rudimentary Quantum Computers
22.3.2 Quantum Communications
22.3.2.1 Quantum Key Distribution
22.3.2.2 Future Quantum Networks
22.4 Outlook
References
Part V Emerging Quantum Technologies: Challenges and Potential Applications
Chapter 23 Photonic Realization of Qudit Quantum Computing
23.1 Introduction to Qudit Quantum Computing
23.1.1 Universality and Examples of Qudit Gates
23.1.2 Examples of Qudit Quantum Algorithms
23.2 Qudit Implementation on Photonic Systems
23.2.1 Qudits in Time and Frequency Degrees of Freedom
23.2.2 Superconducting Bosonic Processor
23.3 Summary and Future Outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 24 Fiber‐Based Quantum Repeaters
24.1 Quantum Repeater Toolbox
24.1.1 Entanglement Distribution
24.1.2 Quantum Memories
24.1.3 Bell‐State Measurement
24.1.4 Entanglement Distillation
24.1.5 Quantum Error Correction
24.2 Quantum Repeaters Based on Heralded Entanglement Distribution
24.2.1 Probabilistic Quantum Repeaters
24.2.2 Semi‐Probabilistic Quantum Repeaters
24.2.3 Encoded Quantum Repeaters
24.3 Memory‐Less Quantum Repeaters
24.3.1 All‐photonic Quantum Repeaters
24.3.2 One‐way Quantum Repeaters
24.4 Summary and Discussion
References
Chapter 25 Long‐Distance Satellite‐Based Quantum Communication
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Ground‐Based Feasibility Studies
25.3 Satellite‐Based Quantum Communication Experiments with Micius
25.3.1 Satellite‐to‐Ground Quantum Key Distribution
25.3.2 Satellite‐Based Quantum Entanglement Distribution
25.3.3 Ground‐to‐Satellite Quantum Teleportation
25.4 Other Quantum Satellite Projects
25.5 Outlook
References
Chapter 26 Quantum Communication Networks for 6G
26.1 Introduction
26.2 What Is 6G?
26.3 6G Intrinsic Limitations: Why Do We Need Other Technologies?
26.4 The Vision of the Quantum Internet
26.5 The Architectural Convergence of Quantum Technologies and 6G
References
Index
EULA