Phonological Word and Grammatical Word: A Cross-Linguistic Typology (Explorations in Linguistic Typology)

✍ Scribed by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (editor), R. M. W. Dixon (editor), Nathan M. White (editor)

• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 325
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This volume examines the concept of 'word' in its many guises and across many languages. 'Word' is a cornerstone for the understanding of any language: it is a pronounceable phonological unit; it has a meaning and a morphological structure and syntactic function; and it exists as a dictionary entry and an orthographic item. Speakers also understand 'word' as a psychological reality: they can talk about the meaning of a word and its suitability in certain social contexts. However, the relationship between the phonological word and grammatical word can be more complex, in that a phonological word can consist of more than one grammatical word, or vice versa. Following an introduction outlining the parameters of variation for phonological word and grammatical word, the chapters in this volume explore how the concept of 'word' can be applied to languages of diverse typological make-up, from the highly synthetic to highly analytic. The data are drawn from languages of Australia and the Pacific (Fijian, Yalaku, Yidiñ), the Americas (Chamacoco, Murui, Jarawara), Asia (Hmong, Japanese, Lao), and Africa (Makary Kotoko), with a final chapter that investigates the properties of 'word' from a cross-linguistic perspective. The volume advances our understanding of what constitutes a word, and will be a valuable resource for scholars and students of typology, linguistic anthropology, phonology, and grammar.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Phonological Word and Grammatical Word
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Notes on the contributors
Abbreviations and conventions
1: The essence of ‘word’
1 Setting the scene
2 Recognizing phonological and grammatical word: typical criteria
3 When a phonological and a grammatical word do not coincide
3.1 Reduplication
3.2 Compounding, complex predicates, and affixation
3.3 Clitics
4 The reality of ‘word’
5 About this volume
Appendix. Fieldworker’s guide to phonological word and grammatical word: checklist of points
References
2: Words within words: Examples from Yidiñ, Jarawara, and Fijian
1 Introduction
2 Typical criteria
3 Yidiñ
4 JarawaraJarawara (from
5 Fijian
References
3: Words in Japanese
1 Introduction
1.1 The Japanese language
1.2 Vocabulary strata and word classes
1.3 Orthography
1.4 The salience and power of ‘words’ in Japanese
2 Phonological system
2.1 Segmental phonemes
2.2 Mora, syllable, and foot
2.2.1 Mora
2.2.2 Syllable
3 Phonological word
3.1 Prosodic features
3.2 Segmental features
3.3 Phonological and morphophonological rules relevant to word position and boundaries
4 Grammatical word
5 Types of words that can make up a complete utterance
6 Clitics
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
4: Wordhood in Chamacoco
1 The Chamacoco language
1.1 The ‘word’ in Chamacoco culture
1.2 The phonological inventory of Chamacoco
2 Segmental features and phonological rules
2.1 Phonetic realization of consonants
2.2 Segmental restrictions
2.3 Sequences of phonemes
2.4 Adjacent consonants
2.5 Free alternation of phonemes and neutralization of /p/ and /b/
2.6 Addition of word-final vowels
3 Prosodic features
3.1 Stress
3.2 Nasal harmony
3.3 Vowel harmony
4 The grammatical word
5 Grammatical vs phonological word
6 Regular clitics
7 Cliticization of morphemes
8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
5: The phonological and grammatical status of Murui ‘word’
1 The Murui language
1.1 Typological profile
1.2 The concept of ‘word’
1.3 The Murui phonological inventory
2 Identifying a phonological word
2.1 Segmental features
2.2 Prosodic features
2.3 Phonological rules
3 Identifying a grammatical word
3.1 Nominal word
3.2 Verbal word
3.3 Reduplication
3.4 Words and clitics
4 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
6: Word in Yalaku
1 The Yalaku language: a backdrop
2 Yalaku phonology in a nutshell
3 The phonological word
3.1 Prosodic features of a phonological word
3.2 Segmental features
3.3 Phonological processes
4 The grammatical word
5 Mismatches between grammatical and phonological word
5.1 Reduplication
5.2 Echo-compounds
5.3 Nominal compounds
5.4 Serial verb constructions
5.5 Clitics
5.5.1 Proclitics
5.5.2 The ambiclitic mene ‘only’
5.5.3 Anticipatory clitics
5.6 Cliticization in rapid speech
6 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
7: Word in Lao
1 Preliminary information on Lao
2 Typological properties of Lao morphosyntax
3 Phonological system
3.1 Phonological hierarchy
3.2 Consonants
3.3 Vowels
3.4 Tone and stress
3.5 Syllable
3.6 Sesquisyllable
3.7 Foot
3.8 Phonological word and foot
3.9 Grammatical word versus phonological word in Lao
4 Words as stand-alone utterances
5 Morphosyntactic processes
5.1 Compounding
5.2 Structures/processes that produce a polysyllabic foot
5.2.1 Class term constructions
5.2.2 Modifier classifiers
5.2.3 Kin terms (among other nominals) as title markers
5.2.4 Prefix derived from khii5 ‘poo’
5.2.5 Type A reduplication
5.2.6 Preverbal AM marking
5.2.7 ADJ-neg-ADJ
5.2.8 Polysyllabic feet
6 Multi-foot structures
6.1 Expressive forms
6.2 Type B Reduplication
6.3 Multiverb constructions
7 Enclitic marking
7.1 AM enclitics
7.2 SFP enclitics
7.3 Demonstrative enclitics
8 Second position markers
Acknowledgements
References
8: Word in Hmong
1 Introduction
1.1 Language background
1.2 Phonology
1.2.1 Orthography and the phonological system
1.2.2 Phonotactics
1.2.3 Phonetic reduction
1.2.4 Compression and lengthening within phrases
1.2.5 Pragmatic prominences
1.2.6 Intensification process
1.2.7 Phonology of loanwords
1.3 Grammatical features
1.3.1 Noun morphology and structure of the noun phrase
1.3.2 Verbal morphology
1.3.3 Coordinate compounds and four-syllable elaborate expressions
1.4 Wordhood in Hmong
2 Phonological word
2.1 Word-level pragmatic prominence
2.2 Placement of pauses
2.3 Cliticization
3 Grammatical word
3.1 Grammatical cohesion
3.1.1 Isolability
3.1.2 Absence of separability
3.2 Reduplication
3.3 Tone melody alternations
3.4 Discussion
3.4.1 Affixation
3.4.2 Compounding
3.4.3 Coordinate compounds and four-syllable elaborate expressions
4 Inherent mismatches between phonological and grammatical word
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9: The notion of ‘word’ in Makary Kotoko
1 Introduction
2 Typology
3 Identifying words: An holistic approach identifies word classes
4 Clitics
4.1 Negative marker
4.2 Tag question marker
4.3 Polar question marker
4.5 Sequential markers aro= and kꞌani=
4.6 General preposition gə=
4.7 Locative particles =he and =ho
4.8 Noun modification markers
4.8.1 Associative phrase marker
4.8.2 Modifying marker for non-noun modifiers
4.9 Definite determiner
5 Orthographic word
5.1 SAM markers
6 Words for ‘word’ and single word sentences
7 Word games
8 Conclusion
Appendix
References
10: Words altogether
References
Index of authors
Index of languages, language families, and linguistic areas
Index of subjects