Team-kB......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
1.1.1 System Requirements for Radar and Communication Antennas......Page 18
1.2.1 Fundamental Results from Array Theory......Page 29
1.2.2 Array Size Determination......Page 51
1.2.3 Time-Delay Compensation......Page 60
1.3.1 Array Aperture......Page 61
1.3.2 Feed Architectures......Page 64
1.3.3 Beamforming Modalities and Relevant Architectures......Page 70
1.3.4 RF Components for Array Control......Page 72
References......Page 76
2.1.1 The Radiation Integrals......Page 80
2.1.2 Element Pattern Effects, Mutual Coupling, Gain Computed from Element Patterns......Page 85
2.2.1 Linear Array Characteristics......Page 92
2.2.2 Planar Array Characteristics......Page 101
2.3 Scanning to Endfire......Page 106
2.4 Thinned Arrays......Page 109
2.4.1 Average Patterns of Density-Tapered Arrays......Page 110
2.4.2 Probabilistic Studies of Thinned Arrays......Page 113
2.4.3 Thinned Arrays with Quantized Amplitude Distributions......Page 116
References......Page 124
3.1.1 Fourier Transform Method......Page 126
3.1.2 Schelkunov's (Schelkunoff's) Form......Page 128
3.1.3 Woodward Synthesis......Page 130
3.1.4 Dolph-Chebyshev Synthesis......Page 133
3.1.5 Taylor Line Source Synthesis......Page 138
3.1.6 Modified sin pz/ pz Patterns......Page 145
3.1.7 Bayliss Line Source Difference Patterns......Page 147
3.1.8 Synthesis Methods Based on Taylor Patterns: Elliott's Modified Taylor Patterns and the Iterative Method of Elliott......Page 150
3.1.9 Discretization of Continuous Aperture Illuminations by Root Matching and Iteration......Page 156
3.1.10 Synthesis of Patterns with Complex Roots and Power Pattern Synthesis......Page 158
3.2.1 Taylor Circular Array Synthesis......Page 170
3.2.2 Bayliss Difference Patterns for Circular Arrays......Page 172
3.3.1 Pattern Optimization......Page 174
3.3.2 Adaptive Arrays......Page 176
3.3.3 Generalized S/N Optimization for Sidelobe Cancelers, Phased and Multiple-Beam Arrays......Page 179
3.3.4 Operation as Sidelobe Canceler......Page 182
3.3.5 Fully Adaptive Phased or Multiple-Beam Arrays......Page 185
3.3.6 Wideband Adaptive Control......Page 187
3.4 Generalized Patterns Using Covariance Matrix Inversion......Page 192
3.5 Pattern Synthesis Using Measured Element Patterns......Page 193
References......Page 197
4.1 Introduction......Page 202
4.1.1 Methods of Analysis for General Conformal Arrays......Page 203
4.2 Patterns of Circular and Cylindrical Arrays......Page 204
4.2.1 Phase Mode Excitation of Circular Arrays......Page 207
4.2.3 Circular and Cylindrical Arrays of Directional Elements......Page 211
4.2.4 Sector Arrays on Conducting Cylinders......Page 214
4.3 Spherical and Hemispherical Arrays......Page 237
References......Page 238
5.2 Polarization Characteristics of Infinitesimal Elements in Free Space......Page 242
5.3 Electric Current (Wire) Antenna Elements......Page 244
5.3.2 The Dipole and the Monopole......Page 245
5.3.3 Special Feeds for Dipoles and Monopoles......Page 251
5.3.5 The Sleeve Dipole and Monopole......Page 255
5.3.7 The Folded Dipole......Page 258
5.3.8 Microstrip Dipoles......Page 263
5.3.9 Other Wire Antenna Structures......Page 264
5.3.10 Broadband Flared-Notch, Vivaldi, and Cavity-Backed Antennas......Page 265
5.4 Aperture Antenna Elements......Page 268
5.4.1 Slot Elements......Page 269
5.4.2 Waveguide Radiators......Page 271
5.4.3 Ridged Waveguide Elements......Page 273
5.4.4 Horn Elements......Page 274
5.5.1 Microstrip Patch......Page 275
5.5.2 The Balanced Fed Radiator of Collings......Page 285
5.7 Elements and Row (Column) Arrays for One-Dimensional Scan......Page 286
5.7.1 Waveguide Slot Array Line Source Elements......Page 289
5.7.2 Printed Circuit Series-Fed Arrays......Page 292
5.8 Elements and Polarizers for Polarization Diversity......Page 294
References......Page 299
6.1 Mutual Impedance Effects......Page 308
6.2.1 Formulation and Results for Finite Arrays......Page 310
6.2.2 Formulation and Results for Infinite Arrays......Page 314
6.3 Array Blindness and Surface Waves......Page 323
6.4 Impedance and Element Patterns in Well-Behaved Infinite Scanning Arrays......Page 336
6.5 Semi-Infinite and Finite Arrays......Page 344
6.6 Impedance Matching for Wide Angle and Wideband Radiation......Page 346
6.6.1 Reduced Element Spacing......Page 348
6.6.2 Dielectric WAIM Sheets......Page 350
6.7 Mutual Coupling Phenomena for Nonplanar Surfaces......Page 352
6.8 Small Arrays and Waveguide Simulators for the Evaluation of Phased Array Scan Behavior......Page 356
6.8.1 Several Useful Simulators......Page 361
References......Page 363
7.2 Effects of Random Amplitude and Phase Errors in Periodic Arrays......Page 370
7.2.1 Average Pattern Characteristics......Page 371
7.2.3 Beam Pointing Error......Page 375
7.2.4 Peak Sidelobes......Page 376
7.3 Sidelobe Levels Due to Periodic Phase, Amplitude, and Time-Delay Quantization......Page 379
7.3.1 Characteristics of an Array of Uniformly Illuminated Contiguous Subarrays......Page 381
7.3.2 Phase Quantization in a Uniformly Illuminated Array......Page 382
7.3.3 Reduction of Sidelobes Due to Phase Quantization......Page 388
7.3.4 Subarrays with Quantized Amplitude Taper......Page 391
7.3.6 Discrete Phase or Time-Delayed Subarrays with Quantized Subarray Amplitudes......Page 392
References......Page 394
8.1 Multiple-Beam Systems......Page 396
8.1.1 Beam Crossover Loss......Page 398
8.1.2 Orthogonality Loss and the Stein Limit......Page 401
8.1.3 Multiple-Beam Matrices and Optical Beamformers......Page 409
8.2 Antenna Techniques for Limited Field-of-View Systems......Page 416
8.2.1 Minimum Number of Controls......Page 417
8.2.2 Periodic and Aperiodic Arrays for Limited Field of View......Page 419
8.2.3 Constrained Network for Completely Overlapped Subarrays......Page 438
8.2.4 Reflectors and Lenses with Array Feeds......Page 446
8.2.5 Practical Design of a Dual-Transform System......Page 469
8.3 Wideband Scanning Systems......Page 472
8.3.2 Contiguous Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Systems......Page 473
8.3.3 Overlapped Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Systems......Page 476
References......Page 484
List of Symbols......Page 490
About the Author......Page 494
Index......Page 496