Preface
About this Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Supramolecules in Pharmaceutical Science: A Brief Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Recent Development of Supramolecules in Pharmaceutical Science
1.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Basic Strategy and Methods of Preparation for Supramolecules
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Role of Non-covalent Interactions in the Preparation of Supramolecules
2.2.1 Electrostatic Interactions
2.2.2 The Ο-Interactions
2.2.3 The van der Waals Forces
2.2.4 Hydrophobic Interactions
2.3 Supramolecular Synthons
2.4 Common Strategies Used in the Formation of Supramolecular Structures Based on the Non-covalent Supramolecular Interactions
2.4.1 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Hydrogen (H) Bonding
2.4.2 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Halogen Bonding
2.4.3 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Coordination Bonding
2.4.4 Template-Directed Supramolecular Synthesis
2.4.5 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Functionalization of Groups
2.4.6 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Self-Assembling
2.5 Preparation of Supramolecules Through Host-Guest Interactions
2.5.1 Charge-Transfer Interaction Through Donor (D) and Acceptor (A) Molecules
2.5.2 Hydrophobic Interaction
2.5.3 Molecular Recognition: Molecular Complementarity
2.5.4 Chelate and Template Effects
2.6 Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Green Methods
2.7 Preparation of Supramolecules via Crystallization Methods
2.8 Construction of Supramolecules Using Electrochemical Methods
2.9 Preparation of Supramolecular Systems Involving Solid-State Chemistry
2.10 Preparation of Supramolecular Polymeric Materials Based on Non-covalent Interactions
2.10.1 Supramolecular Polymerization Based on H-Bonding
2.10.2 Supramolecular Polymerization Based on Metal Coordination
2.10.3 Supramolecular Polymerization on Account of Host-Guest Interactions
2.10.4 Supramolecular Polymerization Based on Donor-Acceptor Interactions
2.10.5 Supramolecular Polymerization Based on Ionic Interactions
2.11 Synthesis of Supramolecules Based on Nanoparticles (SNPs)
2.12 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 3: Research and Development of Supramolecules as Anticancer Drugs
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Kind of Supramolecules for Cancer Therapy
3.2.1 Supramolecules Based on Molecular Assembly
3.2.2 Supramolecules Based on Molecular Recognition
3.2.3 Supramolecules Based on Molecular Association
3.2.4 Metal-Based Supramolecules
3.3 Role of Supramolecules in Enhancement of Solubility and Permeability
3.4 Pharmacokinetic Consideration of Anticancer Supramolecules
3.5 Biological Barriers for the Supramolecule Delivery
3.6 Functionality of Supramolecules for Targeted Drug Delivery System
3.7 Regulatory Consideration of Supramolecules
3.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Research and Development of Liquid-Crystalline Supramolecular Assemblies as Anticancer Drugs
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Liquid Crystals
4.3 Anti-proliferative Potential of Thermotropic LCs Against Solid Cancers
4.3.1 Phenylpyrimidine Derivatives Possessing a Polyhydroxy Unit
4.3.2 Cyanobiphenyl Derivative Possessing a Terminal Hydroxy Group
4.3.3 Phenyl Benzoate Derivative Possessing a Terminal Hydroxy Group
4.3.4 Effects of Liquid Crystallinity on the Anti-proliferative Activity
4.3.5 Selective Anti-proliferative Effect
4.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 5: Progressive Approach of Supramolecules Towards the Advancement of Antimicrobial Drugs
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of Supramolecular Chemistry, Molecular Assembly and Factors Influencing Supramolecular Assembly
5.3 Monomorphic Peptide Nanofibers as Antimicrobial Agents
5.4 Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanofibrillar Nets as Antimicrobial Agents
5.5 Supramolecular Peptide Nanoribbons as Antimicrobial Agents
5.6 Supramolecular Peptide Nanotube-Based Antimicrobial Agents
5.7 Supramolecular Hydrogels as Antimicrobial Agents
5.7.1 Peptide-Based Supramolecular Hydrogels as Antimicrobial Agents
5.7.2 Metal Nanoparticles-Polymer-Based Composite Supramolecular Hydrogels as Antimicrobial Agents
5.8 Supramolecular Macrocycles as Antimicrobial Agents
5.9 Supramolecular Biosensors Enabling Enhanced Detection of Microbial Diseases
5.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Promising Functional Supramolecules in Antiviral Drugs
6.1 Introduction to Functional Supramolecules
6.1.1 Properties of Supramolecules
6.2 Mechanism of Viral Pathogenicity
6.2.1 Life Cycle of Viruses
6.2.1.1 Entry and Recognition
6.2.1.2 Modes of Entry
6.2.1.3 Conformational Changes
6.2.1.4 Targeting Uncoating Step
6.2.1.5 Pathogenesis
6.3 Functional Supramolecular Systems
6.4 Viral Diseases
6.4.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
6.4.1.1 HIV Antiviral Therapy
6.4.2 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
6.4.3 Hepatitis Virus
6.4.4 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)
6.5 Antiviral Therapeutics
6.5.1 Supramolecules as Antiviral Agents
6.6 Challenges in Antiviral Therapy
6.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Role of Supramolecules in Anti-inflammatory Drugs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Supramolecules as Pharmaceutical Agents
7.3 Role of Supramolecules in Anti-inflammatory Drugs
7.3.1 Metallo-supramolecular Complexes as Anti-inflammatory Agents
7.3.2 Cyclodextrin-Based Anti-inflammatory Supramolecular Complexes
7.3.3 Hydrogels-Based Anti-inflammatory Supramolecular Complexes
7.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Recent Advancements of Supramolecules in the Evolution of Cardiovascular Drugs
8.1 Cardiovascular Diseases
8.1.1 Common Types of Cardiovascular Disorders
8.1.2 Current Treatment Methods for Cardiovascular Diseases
8.2 Supramolecular Nanomaterials
8.2.1 DNA Origami
8.2.2 Peptides and Peptide Amphiphiles
8.2.3 Metal and Polymeric Nanoparticles
8.2.4 Nanotubes
8.2.5 Electrospun Nanofibers
8.3 Supramolecular Nanomaterials for Cardiovascular Disease Management
8.3.1 Cardiac Muscle Regeneration
8.3.2 Stent Functionalization
8.3.3 Imaging
8.3.4 Drug Delivery
8.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Development of Supramolecules in the Field of Nanomedicines
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principles of Supramolecular Aggregation
9.3 Formulation Strategies of Supramolecular Nanomedicine
9.4 Supramolecule-Based Nanomedicine
9.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
9.4.2 Polymeric Core-Shell Nanomedicine
9.4.3 Lipoidal Supramolecular Nanomedicine
9.4.4 Supramolecular Micelles
9.4.5 Supramolecular Nanofibers
9.4.6 Nanovesicles
9.4.7 Supramolecular Nanodevices
9.4.8 Stimuli-Response Supramolecular Nanomedicine
9.4.8.1 pH-Responsive Supramolecular Nanomedicine
9.4.8.2 Temperature-Responsive Supramolecular Nanomedicine
9.4.8.3 Redox-Responsive Supramolecular Nanomedicine
9.4.9 Supramolecular Nanomedicine-Based Host-Guest System
9.5 Release Kinetics Modeling from Supramolecular Drug Delivery System
9.6 Supramolecular Drug Challenge to Overcome Drug Resistance in Tumor Cells
9.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Supramolecular Self-Assembled Peptide-Based Nanostructures and Their Applications in Biomedicine
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Synthesis of Peptides
10.3 Factors Responsible for Self-Assembly of Peptide
10.3.1 Non-covalent Interactions
10.3.1.1 Hydrogen (H)-Bonding
10.3.1.2 Ο-Ο Interactions
10.3.1.3 Hydrophobic Interactions
10.3.1.4 Electrostatic Interactions
10.3.1.5 Van der Waals Interactions
10.3.2 Effects of Stimuli and Environmental Conditions
10.3.2.1 pH-Responsive Peptide Self-Assembly
10.3.2.2 Thermo-Responsive Peptide Self-Assembly
10.3.2.3 Light-Responsive Peptide Self-Assembly
10.3.2.4 Ionic Strength-Dependent Peptide Self-Assembly
10.3.2.5 Solvent-Dependent Peptide Self-Assembly
10.3.2.6 Metal Ion-Induced Peptide Self-Assembly
10.3.2.7 Concentration-Dependent Peptide Self-Assembly
10.4 Biomedical Applications
10.4.1 Drug Delivery
10.4.2 Antibacterial Agents
10.4.3 Tissue Engineering
10.4.4 Vaccination
10.4.5 Neurodegenerative Diseases
10.4.6 Other Vital Applications
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Recent Advancement of Supramolecules in the Field of Bioimaging
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Supramolecular Hydrogels as Bioimaging Probes
11.3 Host-Guest Chemistry in Bioimaging
11.3.1 Avidin-Biotin
11.3.2 Cyclodextrins
11.3.3 Calixarenes
11.3.4 Pillararene
11.3.5 Cucurbituril
11.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Role of Supramolecules in Vaccine Development
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History of Vaccine Development
12.3 Classification
12.4 Vaccines Based on Peptide Self-Assembly
12.4.1 Vaccines for Cellular Immunity Based on Self-Assembled Peptides
12.4.2 Humoral Immunity Vaccines Based on the Self-Assembled Peptide
12.5 Supramolecular-Based Nanostructures in Vaccines
12.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 13: Supramolecules: Future Challenges and Perspectives
13.1 Supramolecular Polymers
13.2 Molecular Machines and Motors
13.3 Molecular Sensors
13.4 Combination of Photodynamic Therapy
13.5 Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry
13.6 Conclusions
References