The identification of the mechanism(s) responsible for heating asteroids is among the major problems in planetary science. Because of difficulties with models of electromagnetic induction and the decay of short-lived radionuclides, it is worthwhile to evaluate the evidence for collisional heating. Localized impact heating is responsible for forming shock veins, melt pockets, metal-sulfide mixtures, vugs, agglutinates and a wide variety of melt-rock clasts. New evidence for localized impact heating comes from the high proportion of relict type-6 material among impact-melt-bearing ordinary chondrites (OC). This relict material was probably metamorphosed by residual heat within large craters. Olivine aggregates composed of faceted crystals with (120^{\circ}) triple junctions occur within the melted regions of the Chico and Rose City OC melt rocks; the olivine aggregates formed from shocked, mosaicized olivine grains that underwent contact metamorphism. Largc-scale collisional heating is supported by the correlation in OC between petrologic type and shock stage; no other heating mechanism can readily account for this correlation. The occurrence of impact-melt-rock clasts in OC that have been metamorphosed along with their whole rocks indicates that some impact events preceded or accompanied thermal metamorphism. Such impact events, occurring during or shortly after accretion, are probably responsible for substantially melting (\sim 0.5 %) of (\mathrm{OC}). These events must have heated a larger percentage of (O C) to subsolidus temperatures sufficient to have caused significant metamorphism. If collisional heating is viable, then (\mathrm{OC}) parent asteroids must have been large; large (\mathrm{OC}) asteroids in the main belt may include those of the S(IV) spectral subtype. Collisional heating is inconsistent with layered ("onion-shell") structures in OC asteroids (wherein the degree of metamorphism increases with depth), but the evidence for such structures is weak. It seems likely that collisional heating played an important role in metamorphosing chondritic asteroids. O 1995 Academic Press, Inc.