Cover
......Page 1
ISBN 0262062461 ......Page 5
Dedication
......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 16
Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott Hissam, and Karim R. Lakhani What This Book Is About......Page 18
Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software......Page 19
Part I: Motivation in Free/Open Source Software Development......Page 20
Part II: The Evaluation of Free/Open Source Software Development......Page 22
Part III: Free/Open Source Software Processes and Tools......Page 23
Part IV: Free/Open Source Software Economic and Business Models......Page 25
Part V: Law, Community, and Society......Page 26
Rigor and Relevance......Page 29
Managers and Business Professionals......Page 30
Researchers and Analysts......Page 31
Notes......Page 32
I Motivation in Free/Open Source Software Development......Page 34
Karim R. Lakhani and Robert G. Wolf......Page 36
Enjoyment-based Intrinsic Motivation......Page 37
Obligation/Community-based Intrinsic Motivations......Page 38
Extrinsic Motivation......Page 39
Study Design and Sample Characteristics Study Design......Page 40
Who Are the Developers?......Page 41
Payment Status and Effort in Projects Paid Participants......Page 42
Effort in Projects......Page 43
Creativity and Motivation in Projects Creativity and Flow......Page 44
Motivations to Contribute......Page 45
Determinants of Effort......Page 49
Discussion......Page 51
Notes......Page 52
The Need for Empirical Data......Page 56
Who Can We Survey?......Page 57
Secondary Sources......Page 58
Assumed Motivations......Page 59
Assumed Organization......Page 60
Assumed Behavior......Page 61
Response Rate and Validation......Page 62
What Do We Know Now? Demographics: Married with Children?......Page 63
Motivation......Page 65
Organization......Page 68
Do Reported Motives Match Reported Rewards?......Page 71
Other Data Sources......Page 75
Notes......Page 76
Josh Lerner and Jean Tirole Introduction......Page 80
The First Era: The Early 1960s to the Early 1980s......Page 83
The Second Era: The Early 1980s to the Early 1990s......Page 84
License Must Not Contaminate Other Software......Page 85
Who Contributes?......Page 87
What Motivates Programmers?......Page 89
Comparison between Open Source and Closed Source Programming Incentives......Page 92
Evidence on Individual Incentives......Page 94
Organization and Governance......Page 95
Initial Characteristics......Page 96
Leadership......Page 97
Why Don’t Corporations Duplicate the Open Source Incentives?......Page 99
Code Release......Page 100
Which Technological Characteristics Are Conducive to a Smooth Open Source Development?......Page 102
Coexistence of Commercial and Open Source Software......Page 104
Can the Open Source Process Be Transposed to Other Industries?......Page 105
Notes......Page 106
II The Evaluation of Free/Open Source Software Development......Page 112
Robert L. Glass......Page 114
Hype......Page 115
Most Reliable......Page 116
Most Secure......Page 117
Economic Model......Page 118
Political/Sociological Model......Page 120
The Future . . . and the Past......Page 123
Brian Fitzgerald......Page 126
Problematic Issues from a Software Engineering Perspective......Page 127
OSS is Not Really a Revolutionary Paradigm Shift in Software Engineering......Page 128
Not Enough Developer Talent to Support Increased Interest in OSS......Page 129
Difficulties of Initiating an OSS Development Project and Communit......Page 130
Negative Implications of Excessive Modularity......Page 131
Version Proliferation and Standardization Problems......Page 132
Insufficient Focus on Strategy in OSS Development Communit......Page 133
“Free Beer” Rather than “Free Speech” More Important to OSS Mass Market......Page 134
OSS a Victim of Its Own Success......Page 135
General Resistance from the Business Community......Page 136
OSS Becomes Part of the Establishment......Page 137
Alpha-Male Territorial Squabbles in Scarce Reputation Culture......Page 138
Conclusion......Page 139
Ultimately, It’s the Product that Counts......Page 140
What Is Open Source Software?......Page 141
“Brooks’s Law” and Open Source Software......Page 142
Open Source Software Is Not the Same as Free Software......Page 143
Open Source Development of Linux......Page 144
Communication Across the Internet......Page 145
Processing of ARP Messages......Page 146
ARP Packet Format......Page 147
Analysis of the ARP Module......Page 148
Linux ARP as a Module......Page 149
Design and Documentation Problems in the Linux ARP Module Concrete Examples......Page 150
Impressions......Page 151
Conclusions......Page 153
Notes......Page 154
Peter G. Neumann......Page 156
Ross Anderson......Page 160
An Illustration: Auction Equivalence......Page 161
Security Reliability Growth......Page 163
Equivalence of Open and Closed Systems......Page 164
Transients......Page 166
Complexity Growth......Page 167
Effectiveness of Testing......Page 168
Time-to-Market Incentives on the Vendor......Page 169
Industry Structure Issues for the Vendor......Page 170
Operational Profil......Page 171
Coase’s Penguin and the Wild West......Page 172
Conclusion......Page 173
Appendix......Page 174
Note......Page 175
Perceptions of OSS......Page 176
Case Studies......Page 178
What It Takes for a Successful OSS Project......Page 180
The OSS Development Model......Page 181
The World Before OSS......Page 183
OSS as a Black Box......Page 184
Acquisition Issues......Page 186
Security Issues......Page 188
Making Lightning Strike Twice......Page 189
In Closing......Page 191
Note......Page 192
III Free/Open Source Processes and Tools......Page 194
Audris Mockus, Roy T. Fielding, and James D. Herbsleb......Page 196
Introduction......Page 198
Methodology and Data Sources......Page 199
Concurrent Version Control Archive (CVS)......Page 200
Mozilla Data Sources......Page 201
Data for Commercial Projects......Page 202
Commercial Development Process......Page 203
Roles and Responsibilities......Page 204
Identifying Work to Be Done......Page 205
Inspections......Page 207
Quantitative Results......Page 208
The Size of the Apache Development Community......Page 209
How Was Work Distributed within the Development Community?......Page 210
Code Ownership......Page 214
How to Measure Defect Density......Page 215
Defect Density Results......Page 216
Priority......Page 217
Reduction in Resolution Interval......Page 218
Hypotheses......Page 219
Study 2: The Mozilla Project......Page 221
The Mozilla Development Process......Page 222
Identifying Work to Be Done......Page 223
Inspections......Page 224
The Size of the Mozilla Development Community......Page 225
External Participation......Page 227
Code Ownership......Page 229
Defects......Page 230
Time to Resolve Problem Reports......Page 231
Hypotheses Revisited......Page 233
Conclusion: Hybrid Hypotheses......Page 236
Appendix......Page 240
Notes......Page 242
Daniel M. German......Page 244
Architecture......Page 246
Project Organization......Page 247
Module Maintainers......Page 248
Requirement Analysis......Page 250
The GNOME Foundation......Page 252
Case Study: Evolution......Page 253
Acknowledgments and Disclaimer......Page 257
Notes......Page 258
Niels Jørgensen......Page 260
FreeBSD’s Software and Organization......Page 261
Assembly of Parts......Page 263
Division of Organization, Division of Work......Page 264
Motivation......Page 265
Planning for Incremental Integration......Page 267
Code......Page 268
Review......Page 269
Precommit Testing: Don’t Break the Build......Page 270
Development Release (Commit)......Page 272
Parallel Debugging......Page 273
Production Release......Page 274
Conclusion......Page 275
Jason Robbins......Page 278
Tools and Community Provide Universal, Immediate access to All Project Artifacts......Page 280
Work in Communities that Accumulate Software Assets and Standardize Practices......Page 281
Practice Reuse and Reusability to Manage Project Scope......Page 282
Support Diversity of Usage and Encourage Plurality of Authorship......Page 283
Place Peer Review in the Critical Path......Page 284
Version Control CVS, WinCVS, MacCVS, TortoiseCVS, CVSWeb, and ViewCVS......Page 285
Subversion, RapidSVN, TortoiseSVN, and ViewCVS......Page 286
Scarab......Page 287
Project Web Sites......Page 288
Wiki, TWiki, and SubWiki......Page 289
Ant......Page 290
Tinderbox, Gump, CruiseControl, XenoFarm, and Maven......Page 291
Torque, Castor, and Hibernate......Page 292
Quality Assurance Tools JUnit, PHPUnit, PyUnit, and NUnit......Page 293
Codestriker......Page 294
Missing Tools......Page 295
The Impact of Adopting OSSE Tools......Page 296
Notes......Page 297
IV Free/Open Source Software Economic and Business Models......Page 298
Apache Web Server Software......Page 300
High-Performance Windsurfin......Page 301
User Innovation Networks “Shouldn’t Exist,” But They Do......Page 302
Innovation by Users......Page 303
User Incentives to Freely Reveal Their Innovations......Page 306
Innovation Diffusion by Users......Page 307
Ongoing Exploration of User Innovation Networks......Page 308
Notes......Page 309
Sandeep Krishnamurthy......Page 312
Producers of Open Source Products—The Community......Page 313
The Distributor......Page 315
The Software Producer (Non-GPL Model)......Page 316
The Software Producer (GPL Model)......Page 317
The Third-Party Service Provider......Page 318
Advantages Robustness......Page 320
Version Proliferation......Page 321
Analyzing the Profit Potential of Open Souce Products......Page 322
Why Should Corporate Users Switch to Open Source Products?......Page 326
Presence of Dominant Competitive OSS Products......Page 327
Conclusion......Page 328
Notes......Page 329
Jean-Michel Dalle and Paul A. David......Page 330
A New/Old Direction for Economic Research on the Phenomenon of FLOSS......Page 331
The General Conceptual Approach: Modeling FLOSS Communities at Work......Page 337
Behavioral Foundations for C-Mode Production of Software......Page 340
A Simulation Model of OS/FS C-Mode Production......Page 342
Emergent Properties......Page 348
Conclusion and To-Do List......Page 352
Release Policies......Page 353
Users......Page 354
Authority and Hierarchies......Page 355
Notes......Page 356
Jason Matusow......Page 362
A Natural Move to the Middle......Page 364
The Software Ecosystem......Page 368
Striking a Balance......Page 369
The Shared Source Initiative......Page 371
Building a Shared Source Program......Page 372
Notes......Page 377
V Law, Community, and Society......Page 380
Lawrence Lessig......Page 382
Note......Page 393
Section I......Page 394
Are F/OSS Licenses Really Contracts?......Page 400
Can a Contract Really Be Formed This Way?......Page 402
Does It Matter If You Don’t Deal with the Author?......Page 403
Are the Rights Irrevocable?......Page 404
Can the Rights Holder Assign the Rights? What Implications Do Assignments Have?......Page 405
Intellectual Property Rights......Page 406
Section III......Page 414
Notes......Page 416
Siobhán O’Mahony......Page 426
The Organizational and Legal Dilemma......Page 428
Organizing Options and Models......Page 429
Research Methods......Page 433
Debian......Page 434
Apache......Page 435
GNOME......Page 437
Foundation Efficac......Page 439
Facilitating Community-Corporate Collaboration: A New Actor in the Supply Chain......Page 440
Notes......Page 444
Two Economies of Science......Page 448
Doing Science......Page 449
Funding Science......Page 453
Valuing Science......Page 455
A Free (as in Speech) Computational Science......Page 460
Bioelectric Field Mapping......Page 461
An Internet Telescope......Page 462
Anna Maria Szczepanska, Magnus Bergquist, and Jan Ljungberg......Page 464
Viewing Open Source from a Discourse Perspective......Page 465
Constructing the Hacker......Page 466
Managing the Production of Discourses—The Leaders......Page 469
Us and Them—Constructing the Enemy......Page 471
Dynamics within the Open Source Community......Page 475
Conclusion......Page 478
Philippe Aigrain Initial Drivers and Motivations......Page 480
Research and Technology Development: From Experimental Actions to Mainstream Scheme?......Page 481
A Libre Software Technology Strategy?......Page 483
Information Technology for Administrations......Page 485
Information Technology for Development and Social Inclusion......Page 487
A Software and Information Commons Perspective on the Crisis of Intellectual Rights......Page 488
Notes......Page 489
Tim O’Reilly......Page 494
Software as Commodity......Page 496
Network-Enabled Collaboration......Page 501
The Architecture of Participation......Page 507
Customizability and Software as Service......Page 509
Building the Internet Operating System......Page 511
Conclusion......Page 512
Notes......Page 513
Clay Shirky......Page 516
References......Page 522
Scott A. Hissam......Page 546
Magnus Bergquist......Page 547
Paul A. David......Page 548
Robert L. Glass......Page 549
Sandeep Krishnamurthy......Page 550
Lawrence Lessig......Page 551
Audris Mockus......Page 552
Tim O’Reilly......Page 553
Srdjan Rusovan......Page 554
Jean Tirole......Page 555
Robert G. Wolf......Page 556
Index......Page 558