Pediatric Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders: A Case-Based Approach

✍ Scribed by Farahnak Assadi

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 228
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Comprehensive and case-based, Pediatric Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders provides a state-of-the-art overview of this complex field in a concise, authoritative format perfect for self-study or review. Real-life patient cases reflect those that are frequently encountered in clinical decision making. These narrative case studies offer a unique opportunity for readers to determine how best to diagnose, treat, and manage their patients based on the history of present illness, review of symptoms, relevant history, and physical examination findings.
Includes over 200 cases frequently seen by medical students, residents, practicing physicians, and other health care provides during routine daily clinical practice.

Presents cases in a consistent template including succinct summary of patient’s history, signs and symptoms, examination, and initial diagnosis/treatment plan.

Follows each case with questions and answers that provide a detailed discussion on each topic, with further cross-references and direction where appropriate.

An ideal resource for students, residents, and fellows rotating on nephrology subspecialty services, as well as for practicing physicians who need quick access to current scientific and clinical information on managing fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in children.

An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.
Review
"This book is a very practical, clinically useful series of concise cases presented for clinicians at all levels of training. An ebook version is included as well." ©Doody’s Review Service, 2023, Joseph Russell Hageman, MD (Comer Children's Hospital) Doody's Score: 4 Stars!

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Tilte page
Title Page
Copyright
About the Editor
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Contents
Chapter 1 - Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia
Case Study 1
What are the MOST likely causes of this patient’s hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A and C
Case Study 2
What is the MOST likely cause of hyponatremia in this patient and how should be treated?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 3
What are the MOST likely causes for this patient’s hyponatremia? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
Case Study 4
What is the MOST likely diagnosis of this patient’s hyponatremia?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 5
What is the most likely diagnosis and how and at what initial rate would you raise the plasma sodium concentration?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 6
What is the appropriate initial fluid for treating this patient’s hyponatremia?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 7
How much water restriction would correct the hyponatremia?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 8
What is the appropriate initial fluid for treating this patient’s hyponatremia?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 9
What solution should be used and at what approximate hourly rate to get the patient out of danger?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 10
Why did this patient develop pulmonary edema and hypoxia?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 11
What is the most likely cause for this patient’s hyponatremia?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 12
Which ONE of the following is the MOST likely cause of hyponatremia in this patient?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 13
What is the MOST likely cause of this patient’s hyponatremia and how would you treat this patient?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 14
What is the MOST likely cause of this patient’s hyponatremia?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 15
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 16
What is the cause of hyponatremia in this patient?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 17
What is the MOST likely cause of hypertension in this patient?
The correct diagnosis is A
Case Study 18
What is the MOST likely cause of hyponatremia in this patient?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 19
What diagnostic tests should be performed in this patient to confirm the diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Case Study 12
Case Study 13
Case Study 14
Case Study 15
Case Study 16
Case Study 17
Case Study 18
Case Study 19
Chapter 2 - Hypernatremia
Hypernatremia
Case Study 1
What is the diagnostic approach to polyuria?
The correct answer is C
What treatment options would you consider in the short and long term?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 2
What is the cause of hyponatremia in this patient and what additional diagnostic study should be obtained?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 3
What is the MOST likely Diagnosis?
The correct diagnosis is C
Case Study 4
What is the MOST likely diagnosis, what is the approximate water deficit and much free water is needed to lower the plasma ...
The correct answer is B
Case Study 5
What solution should be used and at what rate to correct this patient’s hypernatremia?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 6
What would be the anticipated duration of therapy until a normal serum (Na+) is restored?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 7
What is the appropriate fluid for treating this patient’s hypernatremia?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 8
What is the appropriate fluid for treating this patient’s hypernatremia and would be the anticipated duration of therapy un ...
The correct answer is A
Case Study 9
Can you estimate the ingested amount of water and Na+ in this child?
What is the most appropriate fluid therapy?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 10
What is the underlying cause for this patient’s hypernatremia?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 11
What is the BEST initial fluid therapy for this patient’s electrolyte disorders?
The correct answer is A
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Chapter 3 - Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia
Case Study 1
What is the MOST likely cause of hypokalemia in this patient?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 2
What is the MOST likely diagnosis and what treatment is indicated?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 3
What is the MOST likely diagnosis and how do you treat it?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 4
What is the differential diagnosis of hypokalemia in this patient and what is the treatment for this condition?
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
Case Study 5
How would you treat this patient?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 6
What is the differential diagnosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 7
Why is the anion gap only slightly elevated despite the presence of hypokalemia and ketoacidosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 8
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct diagnosis is A
Case Study 9
Which of the following genetic defects produces a similar syndrome?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 10
What is the best treatment for this patient?
The correct answer is E
Case Study 11
These findings are most suggestive of which one of the following?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 12
What further studies would you like to obtain at this time?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 13
Which of the following have we ruled out as a likely cause of the hypokalemia with this measurement?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 14
Which of the following conditions remain in the differential diagnosis of this patient? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are D, E, F, and G
Case Study 15
Which of the following studies would you like to order at this time? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are C and D
Case Study 16
Which of the following conditions remain under diagnostic consideration? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are B and E
Case Study 17
Which of the following aspects of the patient’s history might have significance to her laboratory data? (Select all that ap ...
The correct answers are B and C
Case Study 18
What is the likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 19
How would you confirm the diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A and B
Case Study 20
What is the cause of this patient’s polyuria and what is the appropriate treatment for this patient?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 21
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is D
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Case Study 12
Case Study 13
Case Study 14
Case Study 15
Case Study 16
Case Study 17
Case Study 18
Case Study 19
Case Study 20
Case Study 21
Chapter 4 - Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
Case Study 1
What are the most likely factors responsible for the hyperkalemia and how would you treat the hyperkalemia?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 2
What is the most likely diagnosis and how would you treat this patient?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 3
Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE regarding this patient condition?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 4
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 5
What is the MOST likely diagnosis and how would you treat it?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 6
What is the cause of hyperkalemia in this neonate?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 7
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 8
What is the MOST likely cause of hyperkalemia in this infant?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 9
What is the MOST likely cause of hyperkalemia in this infant?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 10
Which of the following statements is correct? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is B
Case Study 11
What is your diagnostic approach to hyperkalemia and hyponatremia?
The correct answer is C
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Chapter 5 - Metabolic Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Case Study 1
What is responsible for the development of metabolic alkalosis and how would you correct the alkalosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 2
What is the cause of the metabolic alkalosis in this patient?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 3
What is the MOST likely acid-base disturbance?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 4
What is the acid-base disturbance on admission and what would be your initial therapeutic regimen?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 5
What is the MOST likely cause of this patient’s renal failure and electrolyte disorders?
The correct diagnosis is D
Case Study 6
What is the MOST likely diagnosis and how do you treat it?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 7
What is the MOST likely diagnosis and how would manage this patient?
The correct diagnosis is D
Case Study 8
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 9
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 10
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct diagnosis is A
Case Study 11
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 12
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 13
What is he MOST Likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 14
What is the MOST likely diagnosis of hypertension in this patient with the above electrolyte disorders?
The correct answer is A
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Case Study 12
Case Study 13
Case Study 14
Chapter 6 - Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Case Study 1
What is the acid-base disturbance in this case?
The correct answer is A
What is the most likely cause of this patient’s acid-base disturbance?
What is the BEST treatment for this patient’s metabolic abnormalities?
Case Study 2
What is the MOST likely diagnosis in this patient?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 3
What is the cause of this patient’s metabolic acidosis and how should this condition managed?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 4
What is the MOST likely cause of metabolic acidosis in this patient?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 5
What is the most likely cause of this patient’s metabolic acidosis and how might this patient be managed?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 6
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 7
What is the Most Likely diagnosis and how should this patient be treated?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 8
What is the acid-base disturbance and what will happen to his plasma potassium after correction of acidosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 9
What is the most likely acid-base disorder and how much bicarbonate should be given to raise the plasma pH to 7.20?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 10
Why does metabolic acidosis develop in renal failure?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 11
Why is the anion gap only slightly elevated despite the presence of ketoacidosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 12
What is the MOST likely acid-base disturbance in this patient?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 13
What acid-base disturbance is present at this time?
The correct diagnosis is B
Case Study 14
What acid-base disorder is present?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 15
What is the MOST likely cause of this patient’s metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 16
What is the MOST likely diagnosis in this patient?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 17
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 18
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 19
What acid-base disorder is present?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 20
What acid-base disturbance is present and what is the MOST likely explanation for the development of positive UAG?
The correct answer is A
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Case Study 12
Case Study 13
Case Study 14
Case Study 15
Case Study 16
Case Study 17
Case Study 18
Case Study 19
Case Study 20
Chapter 7 - Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Case Study 1
How would you correct this patient’s electrolyte disorders?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 2
What is the MOST likely diagnosis and how would you treat it?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 3
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 4
Which ONE of the following is the MOST likely cause of hypocalcemia in this patient?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 5
What is the correct diagnosis?
The correct answer is E
Case Study 6
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 7
What is the MOST likely diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are B and D
Case Study 8
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 9
How would you treat this patient’s severe hypocalcemia?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 10
What is the etiology of hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia in this patient?
The correct answer is A
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Chapter 8 - Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Case Study 1
What is the MOST likely cause of this patient’s lethargy and what studies should be undertaken to evaluate further his cond ...
The correct answer is D
Case Study 2
Which of the following treatment modalities would you like to order now? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is B
Case Study 3
Which of the following signs and symptoms are due to the effects of hypercalcemia per se? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, C, D, E, and G
Case Study 4
Which of the following factors may be contributing to this patient’s kidney failure at the initial presentation? (Select al ...
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
Case Study 5
Which of the following would you order first? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and F
Case Study 6
Which of the following are the most likely diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, D, and F
Case Study 7
Which of the following would be appropriate as part of the therapeutic regimen for this patient? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, D, and E
Case Study 8
What is the most likely diagnosis based upon the laboratory studies?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 9
What would you like to do now?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 10
What would you recommend being done next? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are B, E, and F
Case Study 11
The pathologic effects of his leukemia that results in hypercalcemia include which of the following mechanisms?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 12
What is the cause of hypercalcemia in this patient?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 13
What is the MOST likely cause of this patient’s hypercalcemia?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 14
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 15
What is the MOST likely cause of this patient’s hypercalcemia and how would you treat it?
The correct diagnosis is B
Case Study 16
What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 17
Which ONE of the following choices would be best for this patient?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 18
Which ONE of the following statements BEST describes the actions of a high-protein diet (2 g/kg/day) versus a low-protein d ...
The correct answer is A
Case Study 19
Which ONE of the following statements regarding the use of bisphosphonates in the treatment of the hypercalcemia of maligna ...
The correct answer is E
Case Study 20
Which of the following do you expect to find? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, C, and E
Case Study 21
Which of the following signs and symptoms are due to the effects of hypercalcemia per se? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, C, D, E, and G
Case Study 22
Which of the following factors may be contributing to the renal failure at the initial presentation? (Select all that apply ...
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
Case Study 23
Which of the following would you order first? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and F
Case Study 24
Which are the most likely diagnoses? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are C, D, and F
Case Study 25
Which of the following would be appropriate as part of the therapeutic regimen for this patient?
The correct answers are A, B, D, and E
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Case Study 12
Case Study 13
Case Study 14
Case Study 15
Case Study 16
Case Study 17
Case Study 18
Case Study 19
Case Study 20
Case Study 21
Case Study 22
Case Study 23
Case Study 24
Case Study 25
Chapter 9 - Hypophosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia
Case Study 1
Which one of the following is most likely associated with his electrolyte abnormalities? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and D
Case Study 2
Which of the following studies should be done first in attempting to distinguish the diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is A
Case Study 3
Which of the following conditions should now be considered in the differential diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are E, F, G, and H
Case Study 4
What is the most likely diagnosis now? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is B
Case Study 5
Which one of the following factors is most likely elevated in the plasma? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is B
Case Study 6
What should be done next? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A and B
Case Study 7
Which of the following acquired clinical disorders has similar clinical and biochemical findings as XHR and ADHR?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 8
What is the most likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 9
Which of the following conditions most likely caused hypophosphatemia in this patient? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is C
Case Study 10
What complications can occur with TPN in a malnourished child? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
Case Study 11
What are the clinical manifestations of hypophosphatemia? (Select all that may apply)
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
Case Study 12
What dietary advice would you give to this patient? (Select all that apply)
Case Study 13
Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities would you expect to see in patients with hypophosphatemia? (Select all tha ...
The correct answers are A and C
Case Study 14
What is the most likely cause of hyperparathyroidism and nephrocalcinosis in this patient?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 15
Which condition below is not a cause of this phosphate level?
The correct answer is A1–5
Case Study 16
What food from his diet would you remove due to its high contents of phosphate?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 17
What effect would this have on phosphate and calcium levels in the blood?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 18
Which of the following findings correlates with TLS?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 19
Which patient is likely to present with a phosphate level of 6.0?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 20
What education will you provide to this patient regarding this medication?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 21
What type of foods will you encourage the patient to consume in your diet teaching?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 22
What is the effect on the phosphate level in hypercalcemia?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 23
Which of the following would you not expect to see with a phosphate level of 1.2?
The correct answer is A1–4
Case Study 24
What of the following is not an expected treatment for a phosphate level of 2.2?
The correct answer is A
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Case Study 12
Case Study 13
Case Study 14
Case Study 15
Case Study 16
Case Study 17
Case Study 18
Case Study 19
Case Study 20
Case Study 21
Case Study 22
Case Study 23
Case Study 24
Chapter 10 - Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Case Study 1
What is the most likely cause of the hyperphosphatemia observed in this patient?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 2
Which of the following conditions MOST likely cussed the elevated serum phosphorus level? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and D
Case Study 3
What foods should the patient avoid to further worsening of high phosphorus levels? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is B
Case Study 4
What would you expect to find on this patient’s clinical findings? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and E
Case Study 5
Which dietary recommendations would you provide to this patient? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and C
Case Study 6
Which of the following laboratory abnormalities would you expect to see in patients with hyperphosphatemia? (Select all tha ...
The correct answers are A and D
Case Study 7
Patients with hyperphosphatemia may present with which symptoms?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 8
Which might be suggestive of renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, and pseudohypoparathyroidism as a cause of hyperphosphatemi ...
The correct answer is D
Case Study 9
How often should serum levels of phosphate and calcium be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 10
When should phosphate-lowering therapies be initiated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 11
What role do dietary interventions play in the management of phosphate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) ...
The correct answer is B
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Chapter 11 - Hypomagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia
Case Study 1
Which one of the following is the most likely basis for this disorder?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 2
Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that may apply)
The correct answer is B
Case Study 3
Which of the following studies would be the best initial laboratory to determine the cause of the hypomagnesemia in this pa ...
The correct answers are A and E
Case Study 4
What is the most likely diagnosis now? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A and C
Case Study 5
Which study would you like now to differentiate between Bartter syndrome and diuretic abuse?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 6
What is the most likely diagnosis now?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 7
Which of the following would be most beneficial therapeutic effects in a patient with Gitelman syndrome? (Select all that a ...
The correct answers are B and D
Case Study 8
What should be done next to define the likely cause of the hypocalcemia?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 9
What would you do at this point? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and E
Case Study 10
What is the primary diagnosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 11
What is the most likely cause of hypomagnesemia in this patient?
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
Case Study 12
What is the likely mechanism of hypomagnesemia in this patient?
The correct answers are A and B
Case Study 13
What diagnostic studies would you now order?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 14
What is the most likely cause of hypomagnesemia in this child?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 15
What is the most likely cause of hypomagnesemia in this infant? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is B
Case Study 16
What would you do at this point? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and E
Case Study 17
What is the primary diagnosis?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 18
Which of the following may be contributing to the hypocalcemia? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are C, E, and F
Case Study 19
Which of the following may be contributing to the low levels of calcidiol in this patient? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are B, C, D, and E
Case Study 20
What would you recommend be done next? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are B, E, and F
Case Study 21
Which of the following symptoms can be associated with her electrolyte abnormalities?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 22
Which diagnostic tests should be done first in attempting to distinguish the diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A and B
Case Study 23
What medical conditions should now be considered in the differential diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are E, F, and G
Case Study 24
What is the most likely diagnosis now?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 25
What is the presumed pathogenesis of this disorder?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 26
What should be done next? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
Case Study 27
What do you tell her?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 28
What is the most likely diagnosis based upon the laboratory studies?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 29
What would you like to do now?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 30
What is the most likely etiology of his symptoms?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 31
What is the best approach to his hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is C
Case Study 32
What should be done next? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A and C
Case Study 33
What is the most likely diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is A
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Case Study 12
Case Study 13
Case Study 14
Case Study 15
Case Study 16
Case Study 17
Case Study 18
Case Study 19
Case Study 20
Case Study 21
Case Study 22
Case Study 23
Case Study 24
Case Study 25
Case Study 26
Case Study 27
Case Study 28
Case Study 29
Case Study 30
Case Study 31
Case Study 32
Case Study 33
Chapter 12 - Hypermagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia
Case Study 1
Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities is NOT associated with hypermagnesemia? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A and B
Case Study 2
Which are the causes of hypermagnesemia in this patient? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and C
Case Study 3
What are the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is D
Case Study 4
Which electrocardiogram findings are characteristic of hypermagnesemia? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are B and C
Case Study 5
Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities would you expect to see with hypermagnesemia? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, C, and D
Case Study 6
How would you treat the elevated serum hypermagnesemia level in this patient? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, C, and D
Case Study 7
What would you do next? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A, B, and C
Case Study 8
How would you manage this patient? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A and D
Case Study 9
How would you have treated this patient now?
The correct answer is B
Case Study 10
What additional therapeutic measure would you recommend now?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 11
What is the MOST likely cause of hypermagnesemia in this patient?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 12
What is the MOST likely cause of death in this patient?
The correct answer is A
Case Study 13
What is the MOST likely cause of this patient’s hypermagnesemia?
The correct answer is C
Case Study 14
Which of the following conditions was responsible for the observed hypermagnesemia in this patient? (Select all that apply)
The correct answer is A
Case Study 15
What additional therapeutic measure would you consider?
The correct answer is D
Case Study 16
What caused severe hypermagnesemia? (Select all that apply)
The correct answers are A and B
Case Study 17
What is the MOST likely cause of hypermagnesemia in this patient?
The correct answer is A
References
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
Case Study 5
Case Study 6
Case Study 7
Case Study 8
Case Study 9
Case Study 10
Case Study 11
Case Study 12
Case Study 13
Case Study 14
Case Study 15
Case Study 16
Case Study 17

✦ Subjects

Pediatrics; Nephrology; Acid-Base Disorders; Internal Medicine