Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites

✍ Scribed by Rothon, Roger

• Publisher: iSmithers Rapra Publishing
• Year: 2003-01-01
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 560
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This is the second edition of this book. This book brings together many scientific and technical disciplines, including mineralogy, crystallography, precipitation, powder technology, materials science and many more. All the chapters have been updated for this book and there is the addition of an extra one on Composites using Nanofillers. This book is a fundamental guide to the subject and will be of interest to filler producers, machinery manufacturers, polymer compounders and suppliers of processing aids and surface modifiers.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 15
Contributors......Page 17
1.2 Basic Characteristics of Particulate Fillers......Page 19
1.2.1 Cost......Page 20
1.2.2 Chemistry, Composition and Impurities......Page 21
1.2.3 Density or Specific Gravity......Page 23
1.2.4 Hardness......Page 24
1.2.6 Optical Properties......Page 25
1.2.7 Thermal Properties......Page 28
1.2.8 Particle Shape and Size......Page 30
1.2.9 Shape......Page 31
1.2.10 Particle Size......Page 34
1.3.1 Stearic Acid and Stearates......Page 40
1.3.3 Polymer Modifications......Page 41
1.3.4 Direct Bonding......Page 42
1.4.2 Determination of Maximum Packing Fraction (Pf) by Oil Absorption Procedures......Page 43
1.4.3 Particle Packing Theory......Page 44
1.4.4 Applications of Packing Principles to Particulate Filled Composites......Page 47
1.5 Interparticle Spacing......Page 48
1.6.2 Molecular Weight Reduction During Processing......Page 50
1.6.4 Preferential Adsorption of Polar Species......Page 51
1.6.5 Formation of an Interphase of Immobilised Polymer......Page 52
1.6.7 Effects on Crystallinity......Page 56
2.2.1 Introduction......Page 67
2.2.2 Minerals and Rocks......Page 68
2.2.3 Rocks......Page 69
2.2.4 Calcium Carbonate Minerals......Page 71
2.2.6 China Clay or Kaolin......Page 75
2.2.7 Calcined Clay......Page 80
2.2.8 Mica......Page 83
2.2.9 Talc......Page 84
2.2.10 Montmorillonite (AlMg)8(Si4O10)3-(OH)10.12H2O......Page 86
2.2.11 Barites (BaSO4)......Page 87
2.2.13 Wollastonite (CaSiO3)......Page 88
2.2.14 Crystalline Silicas......Page 90
2.3.1 Carbon Black......Page 92
2.3.2 Synthetic Silicas......Page 95
2.3.3 Hydroxides and Basic Carbonates......Page 98
2.3.4 Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC)......Page 110
3.1 Introduction......Page 115
3.2.1 Introduction......Page 118
3.2.2 Gutmann Approach......Page 119
3.2.4 Use in Characterising Fillers......Page 120
3.3 Analytical Techniques......Page 122
3.4.1 Flow Microcalorimetry......Page 123
3.4.2 Inverse Gas Chromatography......Page 133
3.5.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy......Page 138
3.5.3 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry......Page 144
3.5.4 Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 148
3.6 Methods for Examining Structural Order in Filler Coatings......Page 158
3.6.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry......Page 159
3.7 Summary......Page 161
4.2 Reasons for Using Surface Modifiers......Page 167
4.3 General Principles of Surface Modification......Page 168
4.4 Methods of Using Surface Modifiers......Page 169
4.5 Choice of Coating Level......Page 170
4.6.1 Determination of Amount of Additive and it’s Distribution......Page 172
4.6.2 The Monolayer and it’s Determination......Page 174
4.7.1 Monomeric Organic Acids and their Salts......Page 177
4.7.2 Stearic Acid (CH3(CH2)16COOH......Page 180
4.7.3 Other Saturated Fatty Acids and Related Substances......Page 184
4.7.4 Effects of Stearic Acid Coating in Composites......Page 185
4.7.6 Unsaturated and other Functional Organic Acids in Composites......Page 187
4.7.7 Polymeric Acids and Anhydrides......Page 189
4.7.8 Organo-silicon Compounds......Page 191
4.7.9 Examples of Silane Coupling Agent Effects in Filled Polymers......Page 204
4.7.10 Organo-Titanates and Zirconates......Page 205
4.7.11 Aluminates and Zircoaluminates......Page 212
4.7.12 Phosphates and Borates......Page 213
4.8 Conclusions......Page 214
5.1 Introduction......Page 221
5.2 Functional Characteristics of Compounding Machinery......Page 223
5.2.1 Transport of Feedstock......Page 224
5.2.2 Melting and Shear Heating......Page 227
5.2.3 Mixing......Page 228
5.2.4 Melt Devolatilisation......Page 231
5.2.5 Melt Pumping and Pressurisation......Page 232
5.3 Constructional Design of Compounding Plant......Page 233
5.3.1 Low and Medium Intensity Premixing Procedures......Page 234
5.3.2 High-Intensity Compounding Machinery......Page 235
5.4.1 Introduction......Page 242
5.4.2 Residence Time Distribution......Page 243
5.4.4 Screen Pack Analysis......Page 245
5.4.5 Rheological Analysis......Page 246
5.4.6 Ultrasonic Measurement......Page 247
5.4.7 Microstructural Analysis......Page 249
5.4.8 Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis......Page 253
5.5 Process Enhancement of Particulate Polymer Composites......Page 254
5.5.1 Addition of Rigid Particulate Fillers......Page 255
5.5.2 Effects on Polymer Molecular Weight......Page 257
5.5.3 Short Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics Composites......Page 258
5.6 Woodflour and Natural Fibre-Filled Thermoplastics......Page 260
5.7 Supercritical Fluid Assisted Processing of Filled Compounds......Page 263
5.8 Processing of Thermoset Recyclate Waste Materials......Page 264
5.9 Preparation of Silicate Layer Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 265
5.10 Conclusions......Page 268
6.2 General Effects of Fillers on Polymer Flammability......Page 277
6.3 Fire Retardant Testing......Page 278
6.3.2 Underwriters Laboratory Vertical Burn Test (UL94 -1980)......Page 280
6.3.5 Cone Calorimeter (ASTM E1354 [10], ISO 5660 [11])......Page 281
6.3.6 Smoke and Corrosive Gas Tests......Page 282
6.4.1 Historical Background......Page 283
6.4.2 Potential Endothermic Flame Retardant Fillers......Page 284
6.4.3 Performance of Endothermic Flame Retardant Fillers......Page 287
6.4.4 Smoke and Corrosive and Toxic Gases......Page 304
6.5 Nano-Clays......Page 310
6.7 Fillers for Use in Conjunction with Halogens......Page 311
7.3 Elasticity of Rubber......Page 317
7.4.2 Selection of Polymer......Page 320
7.4.3 The Curing System......Page 322
7.4.4 Antioxidants and Antiozonants......Page 324
7.4.6 Process Oils and Plasticisers......Page 325
7.4.7 Fillers......Page 327
7.4.8 Specialty Additives......Page 328
7.5.1 Specification of the Polymer......Page 331
7.5.3 Strength Characteristics of Polymers......Page 335
7.5.4 Compounding Considerations......Page 336
7.6.1 Reinforcement of Rubber by Fillers......Page 340
7.6.2 Processing Considerations......Page 344
7.6.3 Compounding Considerations......Page 347
7.7.1 Specification of Fillers for Elastomers......Page 352
7.7.2 Carbon Black......Page 354
7.7.3 Synthetic Silicas and Silicates......Page 357
7.7.4 Clay Minerals......Page 358
7.7.5 Calcium Carbonates......Page 360
7.7.6 Aluminium Trihydrate......Page 362
7.7.8 Natural Silicas......Page 363
7.7.10 Miscellaneous......Page 364
8.1.1 Thermoplastics and Typical Applications......Page 371
8.1.2 Thermoplastic Composites......Page 373
8.2.1 Specific Gravity or Relative Density......Page 375
8.2.2 Acoustic Properties......Page 376
8.2.3 Melt Viscosity (MFI)......Page 377
8.2.4 Compounding and Extrusion......Page 378
8.2.5 Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Capacity......Page 381
8.2.6 Thermal Expansion......Page 382
8.2.7 Electrical Properties......Page 383
8.2.8 Barrier Properties......Page 384
8.3.1 Introduction......Page 385
8.3.2 Modulus – Tensile and Flexural......Page 386
8.3.3 Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT)......Page 388
8.3.4 Yield Strength......Page 389
8.3.5 Impact Strength (Toughness)......Page 391
8.4.2 Nucleation......Page 394
8.4.4 Interphase......Page 396
8.5.2 Surface Energy and Surface Tension......Page 397
8.5.3 Wetting and Spreading......Page 398
8.5.4 Adhesion......Page 399
8.5.5 Dispersion and Agglomeration......Page 401
8.5.6 Surface Treatments – Dispersants and Coupling Agents......Page 402
8.6.2 Colour/Pigmentation......Page 404
8.6.4 Scratch and Abrasion Resistance......Page 405
8.7.1 Introduction......Page 406
8.7.2 The Effect of Filler Chemistry and Impurities on Stability......Page 407
8.7.3 The Effect of Antioxidant Adsorption on Stability......Page 408
8.8.1 Uses of Fillers......Page 410
8.8.2 Fillers in PVC......Page 412
8.8.2 Uses of Fillers in Unplasticised PVC......Page 416
8.8.3 Uses of Fillers in Polypropylene......Page 418
8.8.4 Uses of Fillers in Polyethylene......Page 420
8.8.5 The Use of Fillers in Polyamides......Page 422
8.8.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate......Page 424
8.9 Conclusions......Page 426
9.1 Introduction......Page 439
9.2.1 Free-Radical Chain-Growth Curing Resins......Page 441
9.2.2 Step Addition Curing Resins......Page 449
9.2.3 Condensation Resins......Page 454
9.3.1 Modulus......Page 458
9.3.2 Fracture Toughness and Fracture Energy......Page 464
9.3.3 Failure Stress......Page 477
9.3.4 Fatigue......Page 483
9.4.2 Modified Mechanical Properties......Page 491
9.4.3 Exotherm Control......Page 492
9.4.4 Shrinkage Control......Page 494
9.4.5 Processing Aids......Page 495
9.4.7 Metal Fillers......Page 496
9.4.8 Structural Adhesives......Page 497
10.2 Scope......Page 503
10.4 Nano-Filler Forms......Page 504
10.4.1 Regular Shapes......Page 505
10.4.2 Rods, Fibres, etc.......Page 506
10.4.3 Platy Nano-Fillers (Nano-Clays and Related Materials)......Page 507
10.5 Summary and Future Perspectives......Page 524
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 529
Author Index......Page 535
Index......Page 541

✦ Subjects

Химия и химическая промышленность;Высокомолекулярные соединения;