Contents
Foreword
Figures and Tables
Figures
Tables
Abbreviations
Notes on Contributors
1. Introduction: From a Minority Racial to a Non-racial Paradise
1 Race and Racism
2 Where we Come From
3 Where We Are
4 Where We Want to Be
5 How We Get to Where We Want to Be
6 White Privilege and the Racialised Power Structure in South Africa
7 The Manifestation of Racism in Post-apartheid South Africa
8 Race and Identity in South Africa
References
Part 1. White Privilege and the Racialised Power Structure in South Africa
2. Racial Privilege in Apartheid South Africa
1 Introduction
2 From the Nationalist Party Electoral Victory to the Declaration of a Republic, 1948–1961
3 From the Declaration of a Republic to the Soweto Uprising, 1961–1976
4 From the Soweto Uprising to the First Democratic Elections, 1976–1994
5 Conclusion
References
Appendix: Tables
3. The Impasse of Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa
1 Introduction
2 Epistemic Violence and Racial Capitalism as a dual Framework for Understanding the BEE Impasse
2.1 Epistemic Violence
2.2 Racial Capitalism
3 The Broad-based BEE Strategy and Its Implementation
4 Case Studies of BEE Deals
5 Broad-based BEE under epistemic violence and racial capitalism lenses
6 Breaking out of Epistemic Violence
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
4. The Intersectionality of Gender, Race and Class in the Transformation of the Workplace
1 Introduction
2 Racism and Gender Inequality
3 The Place of Race, Class, Identity and Terminology in South Africa’s Racialised Society
4 Racial Classification
5 Policies and Programmes to Address Race and Gender Differences in Employment
6 Labour Market Participation by Race and Gender
6.1 Employment Trends in National Government
6.2 Employment Trends in the Private Sector
6.3 Employment Trends at Higher Educational Institutions
6.4 Discussion
7 Theoretical and Practical Implications for Formal Equality and Substantive Equality: What is to Be Done?
8 Conclusion
Appendix
References
5. Racism in Higher Education: Privileges and Exclusions at Universities in South Africa
1 Introduction
2 The Bantu Education Act of 1953
3 The Extension of University Education Act
4 A Case Study of Black Academic Staffs’ Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Racism at Universities
5 Racial Discrimination Against Black Academics during the Apartheid era
6 Racial Discrimination Against Black Academics during the Post-apartheid era
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
6. The Reproduction of Racial Inequalities through Language of Learning and Teaching
1 Introduction
2 Language in the South African Socio-political Space
3 Languages in the South African Higher Education system
4 Theoretical Framing: Raciolinguistics and Decolonisation of Higher Education
5 Post-apartheid Language Policy Reforms in South African Higher Education Institutions
6 The impact of language practices in higher education institutions on students
6.1 Methods
6.2 The Linguistic Profiles of Selected Graduates and Recalled Language Landscapes at University
6.3 Anxiety about the Transition into a New Social, Academic and Language Space
6.4 Being Identified as a Potential Failure Even before Starting: The Plight of academic Literacy
6.5 Navigating new Learner Roles in a Foreign Language: A recipe for Low Self-confidence
6.6 Linguistics Strategies, Practices and Resources for Assisting Students
6.7 The Impact of Monolingual Practices on academic Performance and Labour Market Prospects
6.8 Universities as Sites of Unfair Competition: A Need to Level the Field
7 The Way Forward: Creating an Equitable University Space
References
Part 2. The Manifestation of Racism in Post-apartheid South Africa
7. Discrimination Followed Us into Paradise
1 Introduction
2 Racial Prejudice, Discrimination, Whiteness and Blackness
3 Data
4 Results
5 Discussion
6 Measures to Reduce Racial Discrimination
7 Conclusion
References
8. Race and Class Perceptions of Poverty in South Africa
1 Introduction
2 Measuring Poverty
3 Poverty in South Africa
4 Inequality in South Africa
5 The Link between Race and Class and Perceptions of Poverty
6 South Africans’ Perceptions of Poverty
6.1 Perceptions of the Causes of Poverty among the Different Race Groups
6.2 Perceptions of the Causes of Poverty among the Different Class Groups
6.3 Perceptions of the Causes of Poverty among the Poor and Non-poor Groups
6.4 Racial and Class Differences in the Perceptions the Causes Of Poverty
6.5 Generational Differences in Perceptions of the Causes Of Poverty
7 Discussion
8 Conclusion
References
9. The Boundaries of Race and the Wicket-ness of Class in the Gentleman’s Game
1 Bearing Witness
2 The Schools of Class Apartheid?
3 A New Innings?
References
10. Are Foreigners Welcome in South Africa? An Attitudinal Analysis of Anti-immigrant Sentiment
1 Introduction
2 The Context of Immigration in South Africa
3 Understanding and Measuring ‘Xenophobic Hostility’
4 Data
5 Trends in Anti-Immigrant Sentiment
6 Racial Animosity in South Africa
7 Conclusion
Reference
Part 3. Race and Identity in Post-apartheid South Africa
11. Strategies Employed by Biracial People When Encountering Unofficial Racial Census-Takers
1 Introduction
2 A brief History of Interracial Mixing in South Africa
2.1 What are you?
3 Toward a Non-racial Identity in Post-Apartheid South Africa
4 Conclusion
Appendix
References
12. ‘Collectively Oppressed and Unequal’: University Students’ Perceptions of Quality of Life
1 Introduction
2 Equalising Society: Social mobility, Political Efficacy and Deepening Democracy
3 The Illusion of Freedom: The #FeesMustFall narrative
4 Research Method and Sample
5 Has the ANC Delivered a Better Life?
6 Conclusion
References
13. Racialised Heritage in Post-apartheid South Africa: The Paul Kruger Statue in Pretoria
1 Introduction
2 General characteristics of the heritage landscape in apartheid South Africa
3 The #Rhodes Must Fall Movement
4 The contestation over memorials in the United States
5 Theoretical Foundation of a Cultural and Heritage Transformative Agenda
6 Nation-building and the Transformation of the Heritage Landscape in Post-apartheid South Africa
6.1 State-led Transformation of the Heritage Landscape
6.1.1 Monuments, Memorial Sites and Museums
6.1.2 Heritage Excluded from State-led Initiatives
6.2 Local Initiatives to Transform the Heritage Landscape
7 The Paul Kruger Statue in Post-apartheid South Africa
8 Towards a Non-racial Heritage Landscape
9 Conclusion
References
14. Apartheid, Democracy and (De)coloniality at the Crossroad
1 Introduction
2 The Impact of Colonisation on African Countries
3 Post-apartheid South Africa: A lost Opportunity
4 (De-)coloniality
5 Requirements for Decoloniality in South Africa
Substantive Equality and Social Justice
Decolonisation of the Mind through the Pan African Philosophy of Ubuntu
Reconciliation and National Unity
6 Conclusion
References
15. Conclusion: Towards a Non-racial Society
Index