Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐1) is the major negative regulator of the plasmin‐dependent pericellular proteolytic cascade. PAI‐1 gene expression is normally growth state regulated but frequently elevated in chronic fibroproliferative and neoplastic diseases affecting both stromal restructuring and cellular migratory activities. Kinetic modeling of cell cycle transit in synchronized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) indicated that PAI‐1 transcription occurred early after serum stimulation of quiescent (G~0~) cells and prior to entry into a cycling G~1~ condition. PAI‐1 repression (in G~0~) was associated with upstream stimulatory factor‐1 (USF‐1) occupancy of two consensus E box motifs (5′‐CACGTG‐3′) at the PE1 and PE2 domains in the PF1 region (nucleotides −794 to −532) of the PAI‐1 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis established that the PE1 and PE2 site E boxes were occupied by USF‐1 in quiescent cells and by USF‐2 in serum‐activated, PAI‐1‐expressing keratinocytes. This reciprocal and growth state‐dependent residence of USF family members (USF‐1 vs. USF‐2) at PE1/PE2 region chromatin characterized the G~0~ → G~1~ transition period and the transcriptional status of the PAI‐1 gene. A consensus E box motif was required for USF/E box interactions, as a CG → AT substitution at the two central nucleotides inhibited formation of USF/probe complexes. The 5′ flanking sites (AAT or AGAC) in the PE2 segment were not necessary for USF binding. USF recognition of the PE1/PE2 region E box sites required phosphorylation with several potential involved residues, including T153, maping to the USF‐specific region (USR). A T153A substitution in USF‐1 did not repress serum‐induced PAI‐1 expression whereas the T153D mutant was an effective suppressor. As anticipated from the ChIP results, transfection of wild‐type USF‐2 failed to inhibit PAI‐1 induction. Collectively, these data suggest that USF family members are important regulators of PAI‐1 gene control during serum‐stimulated recruitment of quiescent human epithelial cells into the growth cycle. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 495–507, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.