โ Scribed by David J. Schlyer; Thomas J. Ruth; Alfred P. Wolf
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
Coal samples are irradiated with 3He ions to produce "C, 13N, and 18F via the following nuclear reactions : 12C(3He, 4He)11C; 12C(3He, d)13N; 160(3He, p)18F. By comparing the "C to 18F pro- duction, a direct comparison of the amounts of carbon and oxygen present in the coal samples can be obtained. The 13N production provides an internal check for the amount of carbon present. In preference to calculating the yield of C-l 1 and F-18 on an absolute basis, organic standards with known oxygen-to-carbon ratios can be irradiated which provide a direct correlation between the '*F/l'C produced and the 160/12C originally present in the sample. By using this ratio method, the necessity for accurately known reaction cross-sections and beam fluxes is eliminated.
If the standards and samples can be irradiated simultaneously, corrections for differences in saturation can be eliminated.
๐ SIMILAR VOLUMES
## Abstract Charged particle activation analysis is used for the determination of boron, carbon and nitrogen in zircaloy. Carbon can be determined instrumentally using the ^12^C (d,n) ^13^N reaction. For the determination of boron and nitrogen the ^10^B (d, n) ^11^C and the ^14^N (ฮฑ, ฮฑn) ^13^N reac
Urease activity is determined by a combination of flow-injection analysis with optical sensor detection. Enzymatic hydrolysis of urea at pH 7.14 yields ammonium ions, which are determined using a fully reversible optical fibre ammonia sensor. Urea is contained in a buffered carrier stream into which