Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Signs and other conventions
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
1.1 Latin
1.2 The Sources
1.3 Written and spoken Latin
1.4 The diversity of the corpus
1.5 Varieties of Latin
1.6 Diachronic developments
1.7 The periodization of Latin
1.8 The corpus of texts used for this Syntax
1.9 The approach of this Syntax
1.10 The organization of this Syntax
1.11 The examples and their ordering
1.12 Text editions
1.13 Translations
1.14 Authors and works
2. Basic grammatical concepts
2.1 Clause, sentence, phrase, word, clitic, and constituent
2.2 The clause
Figure 2.1 The structure of the clause (simple version)
2.3 The sentence
2.4 The phrase
2.5 The word and the clitic
2.6 Constituents
2.7 The nucleus of the clause
2.8 Valency and verb frame
2.9 States of affairs
Figure 2.2 Typology of states of affairs (simple version)
Figure 2.3 Typology of states of affairs (more elaborate version)
2.10 Satellites
Figure 2.4 The hierarchical structure of the clause (more elaborate version)
2.11 Extra-clausal constituents
2.12 Semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic functions
Semantic functions of arguments
Agent
Cause
Patient, affected, effected, experiencer
Recipient and addressee
Associative
Direction, place, and source
Semantic functions of satellites
Beneficiary
Instrument
Manner
Reason
Purpose
Syntactic functions
Subject
Direct object
Indirect object
Subject complement and object complement
Secondary predicate
Adjunct and disjunct
Secondary predicate
Pragmatic functions
Topic and focus
2.13 Discourse and text type
3. Latin word classes and inflectional categories
3.1 Nominal word classes
3.2 The inflectional categories of number, case, and gender
3.3 The inflectional categories of number and case with nouns
Table 3.1 Paradigms of the nouns dominus and rex
3.4 The inflectional categories of number, case, and gender with adjectives and comparable word classes
Table 3.2 Paradigm of the adjective bonus
3.5 The inflectional categories of number, case, and gender with substantively used adjectives and comparable word classes
3.6 Nouns
3.7 Adjectives
Table 3.3 Degrees of comparison of four adjectives
3.8 Pronouns, determiners, and possessive adjectives
3.9 Numerals
3.10 Verbs
3.11 The inflection and the inflectional categories of the finite verb forms
Table 3.4 The structure of the Latin paradigm
Table 3.5 Present tense forms of the verb deleo
Table 3.6 The formation of future active and imperfect active forms
3.12 The inflectional categories of the finite verb forms
Table 3.7 Deponents arranged according to conjugation
Table 3.8 The structure of two semideponents
Table 3.9 Survey of Latin tenses
3.13 Non-finite verb forms
3.14 Substantival verb forms
3.15 Infinitives
Table 3.10 The infinitives of the verb deleo
3.16 Gerund
3.17 Appendix: How nominal (or substantival) are the gerund and the infinitive?
3.18 Adjectival verb forms
3.19 Participles
Table 3.12 Participles of the verb deleo and proficiscor
3.20 The gerundive
3.21 Supines
3.22 Non-nominal, non-verbal word classes
3.23 Adverbs
3.24 Prepositions
3.25 Clause and sentence linking devices
3.26 Interactional particles
3.27 Various other particles
3.28 Clitics
4. Verb Frames
4.1 Methodological and practical problems in establishing the valency of a verb
4.2 Context
4.3 Distinguishing arguments and satellites
4.4 Support verbs
4.5 Problems in determining the valency of a verb: Expansion and reduction of the number of arguments
4.6 Final remarks
4.7 Some statistical information
4.8 One-place verbs
4.9 Personal one-place verbs
4.10 Expansion of the number of arguments of one-place verbs
4.11 One-place verbs that also occur in a two-place frame
Table 4.1 One-place emotion verbs that combine with an ablative constituent
4.12 One-place verbs with a clause as the subject
4.13 Impersonal one-place verbs
4.14 The modal verbs licet and oportet
4.15 ‘Impersonal’ est
4.16 ‘Impersonal’ habet
4.17 Two-place verbs
4.18 Personal two-place verbs
Table 4.2 Frames of semantic functions with two-place verbs
4.19 The form of second arguments
Table 4.3 Case patterns of personal two-place verbs
4.20 Personal two-place verbs governing an accusative object
4.21 Cognate accusative arguments with two-place verbs
4.22 Two-place compound verbs of motion governing the accusative
4.23 Two-place verbs governing a non-accusative object
4.24 Two-place verbs governing a dative object
Table 4.4 Classes of two-place verbs governing a dative
4.25 The use of the dative with two-place compounds
4.26 The verb sum in the so-called possessive construction
4.27 The verb libet governing a dative argument
4.28 Two-place verbs governing an ablative object
4.29 Two-place verbs of abundance and lacking governing an ablative object
Table 4.5 Verbs of abundance and lacking governing an ablative object
4.30 The use of the ablative with fido (and its compounds) and nitor
4.31 Two-place verbs of eminence or superiority governing an ablative object
4.32 Two-place verbs of costing or being worth that govern a price or value argument (usually in the ablative)
4.33 The use of the ablative with fruor, fungor, potior, utor, and vescor
4.34 Two-place verbs governing a genitive object
4.35 Two-place emotion verbs governing a cause argument in the genitive
Table 4.6 Two-place emotion verbs governing a genitive object
4.36 Verbs of remembering and forgetting that govern a genitive or an accusative object
Table 4.7 Verbs of remembering and forgetting governing a genitive object
4.37 Two-place verbs governing a prepositional object
4.38 Two-place verbs governing an associative prepositional object with cum
Table 4.8 Two-place verbs with an associative cum-argument
4.39 Two-place verbs of difference governing a prepositional object
4.40 Further examples of prepositional arguments with two-place verbs
4.41 Two-place verbs governing a space argument
4.42 Two-place verbs governing a position in space argument
4.43 Two-place verbs governing a direction or goal argument
4.44 Two-place verbs governing a source argument in the ablative
4.45 Two-place verbs denoting descent or provenance
4.46 Two-place verbs with either a dative or an accusative second argument
4.47 Impersonal two-place verbs
4.48 Impersonal two-place emotion verbs with a genitive cause argument
Table 4.10 Two-place emotion verbs governing a genitive object
4.49 The ‘impersonal’ verbs interest and rēfert
4.50 Three-place verbs
4.51 Three-place verbs with three distinct arguments
Table 4.11 Case patterns of three-place verbs with three distinct arguments
4.52 Three-place verbs with an accusative + dative case pattern
Table 4.12 Three-place verbs with an accusative + dative pattern
4.53 Three-place verbs with an accusative + ablative case pattern
Table 4.13 Three-place verbs with an accusative + ablative pattern
4.54 Alternative patterns for verbs of supplying with
4.55 Alternative patterns for verbs of filling
4.56 Alternative patterns for verbs of mixing
4.57 Alternative patterns for verbs of surpassing
4.58 Alternative patterns for verbs of changing
4.59 Factors determining the choice between the accusative + dative case pattern and the accusative + ablative case pattern
4.60 The use of the accusative and ablative with facio (and its counterpart fio)
4.61 Three-place verbs with an accusative + genitive case pattern (and a few alternatives)
4.62 Three-place judicial verbs
4.63 Three-place judicial verbs with a charge argument in the genitive
Table 4.14 Three-place judicial verbs governing the genitive
4.64 Three-place judicial verbs with a penalty argument in the genitive (or ablative)
4.65 Three-place verbs of valuing governing a value argument in the genitive or ablative
4.66 Three-place verbs of reminding with a genitive third argument
Table 4.15 Three-place verbs of reminding
4.67 Three-place verbs with a third argument in an apparent genitive case
4.68 Three-place verbs with a prepositional third argument
4.69 Three-place verbs with an associative cum-prepositional argument
Table 4.16 Three-place verbs with an associative argument
4.70 Three-place verbs of sprinkling with both an accusative + prepositional phrase pattern and an accusative + ablative pattern
4.71 Three-place verbs with an accusative + accusative (double accusative) pattern
4.72 Verbs of teaching, asking, etc.
Table 4.17 Three-place verbs governing a double accusative
4.73 The double accusative with verbs of asking
4.74 The double accusative with verbs of teaching
4.75 Other three-place verbs governing two accusative arguments
4.76 Neuter pronouns and neuter forms of adjectives in the accusative
4.77 The double accusative with compound verbs in Late Latin
4.78 Bitransitivization through preverbs
4.79 Object incorporation
4.80 Three-place verbs with a spatial third argument
4.81 Three-place verbs requiring a position argument
Table 4.18 Three-place verbs governing a position argument
4.82 Three-place verbs requiring a direction or goal argument
4.83 Three-place verbs requiring a source argument
Table 4.19 Three-place verbs governing a source argument
4.84 Three-place verbs requiring an extent of space argument
4.85 Three-place manipulation verbs
4.86 Three-place verbs with two non-accusative arguments
4.87 Three-place verbs with an object and a complement
4.88 Three-place verbs governing an accusative object + accusative complement
Table 4.20 Three-place verbs governing an accusative object and a complement
4.89 Three-place verbs governing an ablative object + complement
4.90 Zerovalent verbs
4.91 Copula and copular verbs
4.92 The copula sum
4.93 Auxiliary sum
4.94 Existential sum
4.95 Sum with an adverb as the second argument
4.96 Nominal sentences
4.97 Copular verbs
4.98 Auxiliary verbs
4.99 Valency of adjectives
4.100 Adjectives governing a dative argument
Table 4.21 Classes of adjectives governing a dative second argument
4.101 Adjectives governing an ablative argument
Table 4.22 Classes of adjectives governing an ablative argument
4.102 Adjectives governing a genitive argument
Table 4.23 Classes of adjectives governing a genitive argument
4.103 Adjectives governing a prepositional argument
4.104 Extent of space expressions with dimensional adjectives
5. Active/passive, reflexivity, and intransitivization
5.1 Active/passive variation
5.2 The uses of the passive
Table 5.1 The involvement of an agent or cause with the three types of use of the passive form
Table 5.2 The relative frequency of the uses of the passive in three Latin texts (by percentage)
5.3 The frequency of active and (true and impersonal) passive forms
Table 5.3 Sentence complexity and the use of active and passive
5.4 The personal passive
5.5 True (or semantic) passives
5.6 Restrictions on the use of the true passive
5.7 Accusative constituents with true passive forms
5.8 Agent/cause expressions in passive clauses
5.9 The use of prepositional phrases with per + accusative for the agent in passive clauses
5.10 The choice between active and true passive clauses
5.11 Additional remarks on true passives
5.12 Other forms of ‘deagentivization’
5.13 The use of passive auxiliaries with true passive infinitives
5.14 Passive participles in active constructions
5.15 Diachronic developments
5.16 The use of the passive perfectum forms instead of passive infectum stem forms
5.17 Alternative passive auxiliaries
5.18 Decausative passives
5.19 Autocausative passives
5.20 Verbs in the autocausative passive governing an accusative object
5.21 The impersonal passive
5.22 Reflexivity
5.23 True (or semantic) reflexives
5.24 Autocausative reflexives
5.25 Decausative reflexives
5.26 Reciprocal interpretation of reflexives
5.27 So-called passive reflexives
5.28 Idiomatic verb + reflexive pronoun combinations
5.29 ‘Redundant’ reflexive pronouns
5.30 Intransitivization
5.31 Autocausative use of active forms
5.32 Decausative use of active forms
5.33 Deponents
5.34 Deponent verb forms with a passive meaning
5.35 The voice value of the gerund and gerundive
5.36 The seemingly active value of the gerund
5.37 The voice value of the gerundive
5.38 The seemingly passive value of the gerundive
5.39 Types of verbs found in the gerundival constructions
5.40 The type of agent and its formal expression with the gerundive + sum construction
5.41 The so-called deontic value of the gerundive
5.42 Excursus: The relationship between the gerund and the gerundive (or: Are there a nominative and a non-prepositional accusative of the gerund?)
Table 5.4 Two possible analyses of cantandum est mihi
6. Sentence type and illocutionary force
6.1 Declarative sentences
6.2 Modulation of the assertive illocutionary force of declarative sentences
6.3 Declarative sentences with an indirect interrogative illocutionary force
6.4 Declarative sentences with an indirect directive illocutionary force
6.5 Interrogative sentences
6.6 Types of interrogative sentences
6.7 Simple questions
6.8 Sentence questions
Table 6.1 Number of co-occurrences of question particles and discourse particles in (independent) interrogative sentences in Cicero (absolute numbers)
Table 6.2 Frequency of particle use in sentence questions (in percentages rounded off to integers)
6.9 Sentence questions without a question particle
6.10 Sentence questions with a question particle
6.11 Sentence questions with the question particle -ne
6.12 Sentence questions with the particle nonne (and with the negator non)
6.13 Sentence questions with the particles num and numquid
6.14 Sentence questions with the particle an
6.15 The use of en in sentence questions
6.16 The use of utrum as a question particle in sentence questions
6.17 The use of si as a question particle in sentence questions in Late Latin
6.18 Sentence questions with indefinite pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and particles formed with ec-
6.19 Constituent questions
6.20 Multiple questions
6.21 Modulation of the illocutionary force of interrogative sentences
6.22 Interrogative sentences with an indirect illocutionary force
6.23 Interrogative sentences with an indirect assertive illocutionary force
6.24 Interrogative sentences with an indirect directive illocutionary force
6.25 Elliptical interrogative sentences
6.26 Ut clauses functioning as indignant questions
6.27 Imperative sentences
6.28 Imperative sentences with a directive illocutionary force
6.29 Modulation of the directive illocutionary force of imperative sentences
6.30 Control and imperative sentences
6.31 Commands and prohibitions in the past
6.32 The so-called jussive infinitive (infinitivus pro imperativo)
6.33 Imperative sentences with an optative illocutionary force
6.34 Imperative sentences with a concessive illocutionary force
6.35 Exclamatory sentences
6.36 Responses
6.37 Responses to questions
6.38 Answers to constituent questions
6.39 Answers to sentence questions
6.40 Affirmative answers to sentence questions
6.41 Rhetorical questions serving as an affirmation in reaction to a question
6.42 Negative answers to sentence questions
6.43 Responses to directive utterances
6.44 Affirmative reactions to directive utterances
6.45 Negative reactions to directive utterances
6.46 The corrective adverb immo
7. The semantic values of the Latin tenses and moods
7.1 Some preliminary theoretical observations
7.2 Tense
7.3 Grammatical aspect and Aktionsart
7.4 The system of the Latin tense forms
Table 7.1 Latin 1sg. indicative, active and passive forms of amo (‘to love’)
Table 7.2 Latin 1sg. indicative active verb forms
Table 7.3 Latin non-finite verb forms
7.5 The subjective nature of the category tense
7.6 Interference with other morphosemantic categories
7.7 Mood
7.8 The system of the Latin mood forms
Table 7.4 The uses of the indicative and subjunctive moods in independent clauses
7.9 The relationship between the semantic and grammatical uses of the subjunctive mood
7.10 The semantic value of the individual verb forms
7.11 Finite verb forms
Table 7.5 Distribution of the tenses and moods in Pl. Am. (in absolute numbers)
Figure 7.1 Distribution of the indicative and subjunctive verb forms in Seneca the Younger (philosophical works and tragedies) and in Caesar Gal. (in percentages of the total number of verb forms)
Table 7.6 Number of verb forms in Seneca and Caes. Gal.
Table 7.7 Frequency of occurrence in main clauses of indicative and subjunctive forms in Plautus Am. (in percentages of the numbers given in Table 7.5)
Table 7.8 Frequency of occurrence in main clauses of indicative and subjunctive forms in Caesar Gal. (in percentages of the numbers used for Figure 7.1)
Table 7.9 Distribution of indicative tense forms of sum, habeo, iubeo, and proficiscor in Caesar (in percentages)
Table 7.10 The use of narrative tenses of a number of verbs in Caesar Gal. (in percentages)
7.12 Indicative verb forms
7.13 Present indicative tense
7.14 The ‘actual’ and ‘timeless’ present
7.15 The present tense used to refer to future events (praesens pro futuro)
7.16 The historic present (praesens historicum)
Figure 7.2 The use of verb forms in independent sentences and main clauses in seven narrative passages (in %)
7.17 The present indicative tense and terminative states of affairs
7.18 Imperfect indicative tense
7.19 Past reference point of the imperfect
7.20 The ‘in progress’ element of the imperfect
7.21 Later developments of the imperfect
7.22 Simple future indicative tense
7.23 The directive use of the simple future
7.24 Periphrastic expressions with the future participle in -urus + a form of sum
7.25 Periphrastic future expressions with the gerundive + forms of the verb sum
7.26 Other competitors of the simple future
7.27 Habeo+infinitive
7.28 Debeo, possum, and volo + infinitive
7.29 Incipio + infinitive
7.30 Perfect indicative tense
7.31 Pluperfect indicative tense
7.32 Future perfect indicative tense
Table 7.11 Distribution of futurum simplex and futurum exactum in Pl. Men.
7.33 Future of the past
7.34 Diachronic developments of the forms of the perfectum stem (indicative and subjunctive)
7.35 ‘Shift’ of deponent and passive forms of the perfectum stem (indicative forms)
7.36 ‘Shift’ of deponent and passive forms of the perfectum stem (subjunctive forms)
7.37 Replacement of active forms of the perfectum stem by periphrastic forms with habeo
7.38 Subjunctive mood
7.39 The tense values of the subjunctive forms
7.40 ‘Potential’ uses of the subjunctive mood
7.41 The use of the present subjunctive in declarative clauses
7.42 The use of the present subjunctive in interrogative sentences
7.43 Potential use of the imperfect subjunctive
7.44 The use of the imperfect subjunctive in interrogative sentences
7.45 Potential use of the perfect subjunctive
7.46 The use of the potential perfect subjunctive in interrogative sentences
7.47 Counterfactual use of the subjunctive mood
7.48 The counterfactual use of the imperfect subjunctive
7.49 The counterfactual use of the pluperfect subjunctive
7.50 ‘Deontic’ uses of the subjunctive mood
7.51 The use of the subjunctive in sentences with a directive illocutionary force (commands and prohibitions)
7.52 Adhortative use of the present subjunctive
7.53 Second person present and perfect subjunctives in commands and prohibitions
7.54 The jussive use of third person present and perfect subjunctives
7.55 The subjunctive used in commands and prohibitions of the past
7.56 The use of the subjunctive in sentences with an optative illocutionary force (wishes)
7.57 The use of the subjunctive in realizable wishes
7.58 The use of the subjunctive in unrealizable wishes
7.59 The use of the subjunctive in sentences with a concessive illocutionary force (concessions)
7.60 The use of the subjunctive in indirect speech
7.61 The use of the subjunctive in interrogative sentences in indirect speech
7.62 The use of the subjunctive in imperative sentences in indirect speech
7.63 Imperative mood
Table 7.12 Frequency of present and future imperative forms in four texts (absolute numbers)
Table 7.13 Frequency of imperatives and subjunctives in commands and prohibitions in Plautus and Terence (absolute numbers)
Table 7.14 A selection of often non-directively used 2nd person imperative forms in Plautus and Cicero
7.64 The present imperative
7.65 Future imperative
7.66 Passive imperative forms
7.67 The temporal value of the infinitives
Figure 7.3 Frequency of use of infinitive forms in a number of texts in %
7.68 The temporal value of the present infinitive
7.69 The use of the present infinitive with future reference with verbs of promising, etc.
7.70 The prolative use of the present infinitive
7.71 The use of the present infinitive as main verb
7.72 The temporal value of the future infinitive
7.73 Fore ut and futurum esse ut as an alternative for the future passive infinitive
7.74 The development of the gerundive + esse into a future passive infinitive
7.75 The temporal value of the future perfect infinitive
7.76 The temporal value of the perfect infinitive
7.77 The temporal value of the participles
Figure 7.4 Frequency of use of participles in a number of texts in %
7.78 The temporal value of the present participle
7.79 The use of the present participle with forms of sum
7.80 The temporal value of the future participle
7.81 The temporal value of the perfect participle
Table 7.15 Perfect participles used with a non-anterior meaning (first attestations)
7.82 The temporal value of the gerund and gerundive
7.83 The temporal value of the gerund
7.84 The temporal value of the gerundive
7.85 The use of the tenses in finite subordinate clauses
Table 7.16 Tenses in indirect questions depending on the verb scio ‘to know’
Table 7.17 Sequence of tenses with the verb impero ‘to order’
7.86 Factors determining the application of the sequence of tenses
7.87 The tense of the verb form of the governing clause as a factor for the sequence of tenses
7.88 The use of the tenses in subordinate clauses depending on a main clause in the perfect tense
7.89 The use of the tenses in subordinate clauses depending on a main clause with a historic present
7.90 The use of the tenses in subordinate clauses depending on a main clause with a historic infinitive
7.91 The use of the tenses in subordinate clauses depending on a main clause with a non-indicative finite form
7.92 The use of the tenses in subordinate clauses governed by a main clause with an imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive
7.93 The use of the tenses in a subordinate clause determined by the tense in a non-main clause in a complex sentence
7.94 The relative order of subordinate clause and main clause
7.95 The use of the tenses in various types of subordinate clause
Table 7.18 Constraints on the use of the tenses in a number of subordinate clauses
7.96 The use of the subjunctive tense forms in argument clauses
7.97 The use of the subjunctive tense forms in imperative and declarative argument clauses
7.98 The use of subjunctive tense forms in indirect questions
7.99 The use of the tenses in declarative quod and quia argument clauses
7.100 The use of the subjunctive tense forms in adjunct clauses
7.101 The use of the subjunctive tense forms in purpose (final) adjunct clauses
7.102 The use of the subjunctive tense forms in result (consecutive) adjunct clauses
7.103 The use of the subjunctive tense forms in reason and concessive/adversative clauses
7.104 The use of the subjunctive tense forms in disjunct clauses
7.105 The use of the tenses in subjunctival relative clauses
7.106 The retention of semantically based subjunctives in subordinate clauses
7.107 The expression of posteriority in certain subjunctival subordinate clauses
7.108 The use of the tenses in second degree subordinate clauses
Table 7.19 The use of the tenses in multiple complex sentences
7.109 The use of the tenses in second degree subordinate clauses depending on finite first degree subordinate clauses
7.110 The use of the tenses in second or lower degree subordinate clauses depending on non-finite clauses (accusative and infinitive clauses excluded)
7.111 The use of the tenses in subordinate clauses depending on an accusative and infinitive clause
7.112 The use of the tenses in subordinate clauses in indirect speech
7.113 The use of the tenses in subordinate clauses belonging to an accusative and infinitive clause in indirect speech
Table 7.20 Comparison of primary and historic tenses in direct and indirect speech in Caesar and Livy
7.114 The use of the tenses in imperative sentences in indirect speech
7.115 The use of the tenses in interrogative sentences in indirect speech
7.116 Variation of the tenses in subordinate clauses
7.117 Why the sequence of tenses is particularly relevant to the subjunctive
7.118 Sequence of tenses in indicative subordinate clauses
7.119 A few remarks on the diachronic development of the sequence of tenses
7.120 Remarkable uses of the indicative tense forms in subordinate clauses
7.121 The use of the historic present in subordinate clauses
7.122 The use of the historic infinitive in subordinate clauses
7.123 Some particularities in the use of the tenses in temporal clauses
7.124 The use of the imperfect (indicative) in clauses with postquam and related subordinators
7.125 The use of the (indicative) tenses in temporal cum clauses
7.126 The use of the present indicative in certain temporal dum clauses
7.127 Tense variation in time clauses denoting anterior events
7.128 The use of the moods in subordinate clauses
7.129 The use of the moods in finite argument clauses
7.130 Ut argument clauses in which the subjunctive is regular
7.131 The use of the moods in quod and quia argument clauses
7.132 The use of the moods in si argument clauses referring to an undetermined situation
7.133 The use of the moods in indirect questions (and exclamations)
7.134 The use of the indicative in indirect questions
7.135 Apparent indirect questions with idiomatic expressions
7.136 Formal overlap of indirect questions and relative and comparative clauses
7.137 Diachronic changes in the use of the moods in indirect questions
7.138 The use of the moods in finite satellite clauses
Table 7.21 The distribution of the indicative and subjunctive moods in satellite clauses
7.139 The use of the moods in spatial adjunct clauses
7.140 The use of the moods in temporal adjunct clauses
7.141 The use of the moods in clauses with future-oriented temporal subordinators (donec, dum, quoad, and antequam, priusquam)
7.142 The use of the moods in temporal cum clauses
7.143 The use of the moods in causally interpreted cum clauses
7.144 The use of the subjunctive in temporal dum clauses
7.145 The use of the moods in reason clauses
7.146 The use of the moods in quia and quod reason clauses
7.147 The use of the moods in quoniam reason clauses
7.148 The use of the moods in quando, etc. reason clauses
7.149 The use of the moods in quatenus reason clauses
7.150 The use of the moods in siquidem reason clauses
7.151 The use of the moods in purpose (final) clauses
7.152 The use of the moods in stipulative clauses
7.153 The use of the moods in result (consecutive) clauses
7.154 The use of the moods in conditional clauses
7.155 The use of the indicative in the si clause
7.156 The choice between the potential and counterfactual subjunctives in the si clause
Table 7.22 Use of the potential and counterfactual subjunctives in the protasis of conditional periods
7.157 Sentence type and moods and tenses of the apodosis
7.158 The use of the moods in concessive clauses
7.159 The use of the moods in manner clauses
7.160 The use of the moods in relative clauses
7.161 The use of the moods in comparative constructions
7.162 The use of the moods in clauses depending on a clause with a subjunctive
7.163 The use of the moods in subordinate clauses in indirect speech
7.164 The use of the indicative in subordinate clauses in indirect speech
8. Negation
8.1 Negation by negation adverbs
8.2 Negation of clauses by negation adverbs
8.3 Negation of declarative sentences and subordinate clauses by negation adverbs
8.4 Negation of interrogative sentences and subordinate clauses by negation adverbs
8.5 Negation of imperative sentences and subordinate clauses by negation adverbs
8.6 Negator climbing
8.7 Local negation by negation adverbs
8.8 Litotes or negatio contrarii
8.9 Coordination of locally negated constituents
8.10 Additional remarks on individual negation adverbs
8.11 Haud and non
8.12 Nec and neque
8.13 Ne
8.14 Ne . . . quidem
8.15 Ni
8.16 Neve/neu
8.17 Alternative negative expressions
8.18 Nihil (nil)
8.19 Male
8.20 Minus
8.21 Further negator-like expressions
8.22 Negative subordinators
8.23 The negative subordinator ne
8.24 The use of the subordinator ne in argument clauses
8.25 The use of the subordinator ne in satellite clauses
8.26 The subordinator quin
8.27 The use of quin without a negative meaning in argument clauses
8.28 The use of quin with a negative meaning in argument clauses
8.29 The use of quin with a negative meaning in satellite clauses
8.30 The subordinator quominus
8.31 The use of quominus without a negative meaning in argument and satellite clauses
8.32 The use of quominus with a negative meaning in argument and satellite clauses
8.33 Negation of sentences and clauses by zero quantifiers
8.34 Negation of sentences and clauses by negative verbs
8.35 Coordination of negative clauses
8.36 Coordination of negative declarative clauses
8.37 Coordination of negative interrogative clauses
8.38 Coordination of negative imperative clauses
8.39 Coordination of a negative imperative clause with a preceding positive imperative clause
.40 Coordination of a negative imperative clause with a preceding negative imperative clause
8.41 Multiple negators in one clause
8.42 Local negation of zero quantifiers and negative verbs
8.43 Two clausal negators in one clause
8.44 Negator + non = positive
8.45 Clauses containing two negators counting as one
8.46 Epexegetic negation
8.47 Double negation
8.48 The use of a pleonastic negator with accusative and infinitive and prolative infinitive clauses
8.49 The position of negation adverbs
8.50 Pragmatic negation
8.51 Lexical negation
9. Syntactic functions of arguments and the categories of constituents that may fulfil them
9.1 Arguments functioning as subject (in active clauses—first arguments)
9.2 First and second person subjects
9.3 Generic first and second person subjects
9.4 Third person subjects
9.5 Nouns, noun phrases, and prepositional phrases in the function subject
Table 9.1 Noun phrases functioning as subject (in active clauses—first argument)
9.6 Clauses functioning as subject
Table 9.2 Clauses functioning as subject (of active clauses—first arguments)
9.7 Infinitives and infinitive clauses functioning as subject
9.8 Quotations functioning as subject and object
9.9 Factors determining the presence or absence of an explicit third person subject
Table 9.3 Types of constituents functioning as third person subject in four different texts (only finite clauses; absolute numbers)
9.10 Identity of the third person subject inferred from the context
9.11 Generic third person subjects
9.12 Arguments functioning as object (or as subject of a passive clause)
9.13 Nouns, noun phrases, and prepositional phrases functioning as object (or as subject of a passive clause)
9.14 Clauses functioning as object (or as subject in a passive clause)
Table 9.4 Clauses functioning as object (or as subject in a passive clause)
9.15 Infinitives and infinitival clauses functioning as object (or as subject in a passive clause)
9.16 Factors determining the presence or absence of explicit objects
9.17 Arguments functioning as ‘pseudo-object’
9.18 Arguments functioning as indirect object
Table 9.5 Categories functioning as indirect object
9.19 Other third arguments
9.20 Arguments functioning as subject and/or object complement
9.21 Arguments functioning as subject complement
Table 9.6 Categories functioning as subject complement
9.22 Nouns and noun phrases functioning as subject complement and showing agreement with the subject
9.23 Adjectives (and participial adjectives and gerundives) functioning as subject complement
9.24 Quantifiers functioning as subject complement
9.25 Numerals functioning as subject complement
9.26 Identifiers functioning as subject complement
9.27 Anaphoric/demonstrative pronouns functioning as subject complement
9.28 Possessive adjectives functioning as subject complement
9.29 Noun phrases in the genitive functioning as subject complement
9.30 The possessive genitive functioning as subject complement
9.31 The genitive of description functioning as subject complement
9.32 The partitive genitive functioning as subject complement
9.33 Other nouns and noun phrases in the genitive functioning as subject complement
9.34 Nouns (rarely noun phrases) in the dative functioning as subject complement
9.35 Noun phrases in the ablative functioning as subject complement
9.36 Adverbs functioning as subject complement
9.37 Prepositional phrases functioning as subject complement
9.38 Infinitive clauses functioning as subject complement
9.39 Arguments functioning as object complement (or as subject complement of passive clauses)
Table 9.7 Categories functioning as object complement (or as subject complement of passive clauses)
9.40 Nouns and noun phrases functioning as object complement and showing agreement with the object
9.41 Adjectives (including participial adjectives and gerundives) functioning as object complement
9.42 Nouns and noun phrases in the genitive functioning as object complement
9.43 Nouns (rarely noun phrases) in the dative functioning as object complement
9.44 Nouns and noun phrases in the ablative functioning as object complement
9.45 Adverbs functioning as object complement
9.46 Prepositional phrases functioning as object complement
9.47 Infinitives functioning as object complement
10. Satellites
10.1 Adjuncts
10.2 Space adjuncts
10.3 Position in space adjuncts
10.4 The use of the bare locative and ablative in position in space adjuncts
10.5 The use of prepositional phrases as position in space adjuncts
Table 10.1 Prepositions (for those beginning with an a see the examples above) that mark position in space adjuncts
10.6 The use of adverbs as position in space adjuncts
10.7 Direction and goal adjuncts
10.8 The use of the bare accusative case in direction and goal adjuncts
10.9 The use of prepositional phrases as direction and goal adjuncts
Table 10.2 Prepositions that mark direction and goal adjuncts (for in see above)
10.10 The use of adverbs as direction and goal adjuncts
Table 10.3 Adverbs functioning as direction and goal adjuncts (see also above)
10.11 The use of the dative case in direction and goal adjuncts
10.12 Locative and ablative case forms functioning as direction adjuncts
10.13 Source adjuncts
10.14 The use of the bare ablative case in source adjuncts
10.15 The use of prepositional phrases as source adjuncts
10.16 The use of adverbs as source adjuncts
10.17 Space expressions referring to towns, small islands, etc.
10.18 Extent of space adjuncts
10.19 The use of the bare accusative and ablative cases in extent of space adjuncts
10.20 The use of prepositional phrases as extent of space adjuncts
10.21 The use of adverbs as extent of space adjuncts
10.22 Path adjuncts
10.23 The use of the bare ablative case in path adjuncts
10.24 The use of prepositional phrases as path adjuncts
10.25 The use of adverbs as path adjuncts
10.26 Time adjuncts
10.27 Position in time adjuncts
10.28 The use of the bare ablative case in position in time adjuncts
10.29 The use of prepositional phrases as position in time adjuncts
10.30 The use of adverbs as position in time adjuncts
10.31 Extent of time adjuncts
Table 10.4 Proportional use of extent of time (duration) expressions in a number of authors
10.32 The use of the bare accusative and ablative cases in extent of time adjuncts
10.33 The use of prepositional phrases as extent of time adjuncts
10.34 The use of adverbs as extent of time adjuncts
10.35 ‘Since when’ and ‘until when’ adjuncts
10.36 Period of time within which adjuncts
10.37 The use of the bare ablative in period of time within which adjuncts
10.38 The use of prepositional phrases as period of time within which adjuncts
10.39 Adjuncts denoting frequency
10.40 Adjuncts denoting weather conditions and attendant circumstances
10.41 Adjuncts denoting the relationship between one time and another
10.42 Process adjuncts
10.43 Manner adjuncts
10.44 The use of nouns and noun phrases in the ablative as manner adjuncts
10.45 The use of neuter (mainly) singular adjectives in the accusative as manner adjuncts
10.46 The use of prepositional phrases as manner adjuncts
10.47 The use of adverbs as manner adjuncts
10.49 Norm adjuncts
10.50 The use of nouns and noun phrases in the ablative as norm adjuncts
10.51 The use of prepositional expressions as norm adjuncts
10.52 The use of adverbs as norm adjuncts
10.53 Means and instrument adjuncts
10.54 The use of noun phrases in the ablative as means and instrument adjuncts
10.55 The use of prepositional phrases as means and instrument adjuncts
10.56 Price adjuncts
10.57 The use of nouns and noun phrases in the ablative as price adjuncts
10.58 The use of (substantival) neuter singular adjectives in the ablative as price adjuncts
10.59 The use of (substantival) neuter singular adjectives in the genitive as price adjuncts
10.60 The use of adverbs as price adjuncts
10.61 Quantity and degree adjuncts
10.62 Quantity adjuncts
10.63 The use of accusative neuter forms of adjectives of amount as quantity adjuncts
10.64 The use of adverbs derived from descriptive adjectives as quantity adjuncts
10.65 The use of complex expressions with quantum as quantity adjuncts
10.66 Degree adjuncts
10.67 The use of noun phrases and prepositional phrases as degree adjuncts
10.68 The use of adverbs as degree adjuncts
10.69 Beneficiary adjuncts
10.70 The use of nouns and noun phrases in the dative as beneficiary adjuncts
10.71 The use of prepositional phrases as beneficiary adjuncts
10.72 Associative adjuncts
10.73 Contingency adjuncts
10.74 Accompanying circumstance adjuncts
10.75 The use of noun phrases in the ablative as accompanying circumstance adjuncts
10.76 The use of prepositional phrases as accompanying circumstance adjuncts
10.77 Cause and Agent adjuncts
10.78 Cause adjuncts
10.79 The use of nouns and noun phrases in the ablative as cause adjuncts
10.80 The use of prepositional phrases as cause adjuncts
10.81 Agent adjuncts
10.82 Purpose adjuncts
10.83 The use of nouns and noun phrases in the genitive as purpose adjuncts
10.84 The use of prepositional phrases as purpose adjuncts
10.85 The use of adverbs and adverbial phrases as purpose adjuncts
10.86 Reason adjuncts
10.87 The use of nouns and noun phrases in the ablative as reason adjuncts
10.88 The use of prepositional phrases as reason adjuncts
10.89 The use of adverbs as reason adjuncts
10.90 Respect adjuncts
10.91 The use of nouns and noun phrases in the ablative as respect adjuncts
10.92 The use of nouns and noun phrases in the accusative as respect adjuncts
10.93 The use of animi and related nouns in the genitive as respect adjuncts
10.94 The use of prepositional phrases as respect adjuncts
10.95 The use of adverbs as respect adjuncts
10.96 The so-called sympathetic dative
10.97 Disjuncts
10.98 Attitudinal disjuncts
10.99 Truth value disjuncts
10.100 Degree of truth disjuncts
10.101 Qualified truth disjuncts
10.104 Subjective evaluation disjuncts
10.105 Illocutionary disjuncts
10.106 Comments on and justifications of the wording of the speaker
10.107 The use of the dative as illocutionary disjunct
11. The noun phrase
11.1 The structure of the noun phrase
11.2 Head constituents
Table 11.1 The main types of constituents that may function as head of a noun phrase
11.3 Common nouns functioning as head of a noun phrase
11.4 Proper names functioning as head of a noun phrase
11.5 Pronouns functioning as head of a noun phrase
11.6 Personal pronouns functioning as head of a noun phrase
11.7 Other pronouns functioning as head of a noun phrase
11.8 Infinitives functioning as head of a noun phrase
11.9 Various so-called substantively used expressions functioning as head of a noun phrase
11.10 Possessive adjectives functioning as head of a noun phrase
11.11 Substantival use of quantifiers
11.12 Substantival use of identifiers
11.13 Substantival use of adjectives and adjective phrases
11.14 Substantival use of participles and participial phrases
11.15 Substantival present participles and participial phrases
11.16 Substantival perfect participles and participial phrases
11.17 Substantival future participles and participial phrases
11.18 Substantival use of gerundives and gerundival phrases
11.19 Substantival use of noun phrases in the genitive
11.20 Names of gods in the genitive
11.21 Substantival use of prepositional phrases
11.22 Substantival use of adverbs and adverbial expressions
11.23 Miscellaneous expressions functioning as head
11.24 Attributes
Table 11.2 Functions of nouns and their arguments
Table 11.3 Types of constituents that may function as modifier in a noun phrase
11.25 Determiners functioning as attribute
11.26 Demonstrative and anaphoric determiners
11.27 Indefinite determiners
11.28 Interrogative determiners
11.29 Possessive adjectives functioning as attribute
11.30 Third person possessive adjectives functioning as attribute
11.31 Identifiers functioning as attribute
11.32 The intensifier ipse functioning as attribute
11.33 Quantifiers functioning as attribute
11.34 The universal quantifiers omnis and cunctus
11.35 The determinative use of ambo
11.36 Distributive quantifying determiners functioning as attribute
11.37 Binary quantifiers
Table 11.4 The system of binary quantifiers
11.38 The totality expression totus functioning as attribute
11.39 Adjectives functioning as attribute
11.40 Participles and participial phrases functioning as attribute
11.41 Present participles and participial phrases functioning as attribute
11.42 Perfect participles and participial phrases functioning as attribute
11.43 Future participles and participial phrases functioning as attribute
11.44 Gerundives and gerundival phrases functioning as attribute
11.45 Nouns and noun phrases functioning as attribute
11.46 Nouns and noun phrases in the genitive functioning as attribute
11.47 The possessive genitive functioning as attribute
11.48 The genitive of description functioning as attribute
11.49 The partitive genitive and the genitive of quantity functioning as attribute
11.50 The partitive genitive functioning as attribute
11.51 The partitive genitive functioning as attribute with pronouns and zero quantifiers
11.52 The partitive genitive functioning as attribute with quantifiers
11.53 The partitive genitive functioning as attribute with identifiers
11.54 The partitive genitive functioning as attribute with adjectives and participles
11.55 The partitive genitive functioning as attribute with nouns
11.56 Nouns and noun phrases in the genitive that function as attribute with quantifying expressions (the genitive of quantity)
11.57 The use of the genitive of quantity functioning as attribute with nouns and noun phrases denoting measure or quantity
11.58 The use of the genitive of quantity functioning as attribute with substantival neuter singular adjectives of amount
11.59 The use of the genitive of quantity functioning as attribute with neuter singular pronouns and zero quantifiers
11.60 The use of the genitive of quantity functioning as attribute with adverbs of quantity
11.61 The genitive of definition functioning as attribute
11.62 Nouns and noun phrases in the ablative functioning as attribute
11.63 The ablative of description functioning as attribute
11.64 Other expressions in the ablative functioning as attribute
11.65 Nouns and noun phrases in the dative functioning as attribute
11.66 Nouns and noun phrases in the accusative functioning as attribute
11.67 Prepositional phrases functioning as attribute
11.68 Prepositional phrases functioning as partitive attribute
11.69 Adverbs functioning as attribute
11.70 Adnominal arguments of verbal nouns
Table 11.5 Types of constituents that may function as adnominal arguments with verbal nouns
11.71 Nouns and noun phrases that function as argument with verbal nouns
11.72 Prepositional phrases that function as adnominal argument
11.73 Possessive adjectives that function as adnominal argument
11.74 Adverbs that function as adnominal argument
11.75 The hierarchical structure of the noun phrase
11.76 Atypical head/attribute relations
11.77 The so-called partitive use of adjectives indicating relative position
11.78 The so-called enallage adiectivi
11.79 Apposition
11.80 Nominal apposition
Table 11.6 Differences between restrictive and non-restrictive apposition
11.81 Restrictive apposition
11.82 Non-restrictive apposition
Table 11.7 Combinations of toponyms and descriptions in space arguments and adjuncts
11.83 Special types of apposition
11.84 Appositive phrases with noun phrases containing a possessive adjective
11.85 Distributive apposition
11.86 Appositives with an unexpressed first or second person
11.87 Appositives with forms of address
11.88 The use of measure, number, and weight nouns in partitive apposition
11.89 Miscellaneous combinations of nouns that seem to have the same function in their context
11.90 Clausal apposition
11.91 Adjective phrase
11.92 Arguments and satellites of adjectives
11.93 Adjective phrases with a degree modifier
11.94 Accusative forms of adjectives functioning as degree modifiers with adjectives
11.95 Adverbs formed from descriptive and other adjectives functioning as degree modifiers with adjectives
11.96 Adverbs of degree functioning as degree modifiers of adjectives
11.97 Quamvis and quamlibet functioning as scalar degree modifiers with adjectives
11.98 Complex expressions with quam and quantum functioning as degree modifier with adjectives
11.99 Noun phrases and prepositional phrases functioning as degree modifiers with adjectives
11.100 Referring and non-referring use of nouns and noun phrases
11.101 Referring use of nouns and noun phrases
11.102 Specific reference of nouns and noun phrases
11.103 Definite nouns and noun phrases
Table 11.8 Definiteness and indefiniteness marking of nouns and noun phrases (including proper names) in Caesar Gal. 1.2–12 and in Peregrinatio 1–4 (in %) 198
Table 11.9 The frequency of anaphoric and demonstrative determiners/pronouns in a few Latin authors
11.104 The deictic use of demonstrative determiners
11.105 The anaphoric use of demonstrative determiners and the anaphoric determiner is
11.106 The cataphoric use of demonstrative and anaphoric determiners
11.107 The exophoric use of the demonstrative determiners
11.108 Diachronic developments of demonstrative and anaphoric determiners
11.109 Indefinite nouns and noun phrases
Table 11.10 Frequency of use of five indefinite determiners/pronouns (in %)
11.110 The indefinite determiner qui(s)
11.111 The indefinite determiner aliqui(s)
11.112 The indefinite determiner quispiam
11.113 The indefinite determiners quisquam and ullus
11.114 The specifying indefinite determiner quidam
11.115 Free-choice indefinite determiners
11.116 The indefinite determiner uter and compounds
11.117 The development of an indefinite article
11.118 Generic nouns and noun phrases
11.119 Non-referring use of nouns and noun phrases
11.120 Pronouns
11.121 Personal pronouns
11.122 The so-called rhetorical use of the first person plural instead of a first person singular
11.123 The use of the first and second person plural instead of the singular by and for persons of a high social standing
11.124 The reflexive personal pronoun and the reflexive possessive adjective
11.125 The reflexive third person personal pronoun
11.126 The direct use of the reflexive third person personal pronoun
11.127 The indirect use of the reflexive third person personal pronoun
11.128 Co-occurrence of clause-internal and clause-external coreferentiality
11.129 Coreferentiality at the phrase level
11.130 The third person reflexive possessive adjective
11.131 Coreferentiality within a clause or sentence not expressed by a reflexive pronoun or possessive adjective
11.132 Idiomatic expressions with the reflexive pronoun
11.133 Residual cases of the use of the reflexive pronoun
11.134 Demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns
11.135 The deictic use of demonstrative pronouns
11.136 The anaphoric use of demonstrative pronouns
11.137 The anaphoric pronoun is
11.138 The resumptive use of demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns
11.139 The cataphoric use of demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns
11.140 The exophoric use of the demonstrative pronoun ille
11.141 Diachronic developments of anaphoric and demonstrative determiners and pronouns
Table 11.11 Frequency of nom.sg. and acc.sg. forms of anaphoric and demonstrative determiners/pronouns
11.142 The identifier idem
11.143 The intensifier ipse
11.144 The two uses of ipse
11.145 Further properties of ‘pregnant’ and ‘discretive’ ipse
11.146 To what lexical category does ipse belong?
11.147 Later developments of ipse
11.148 Indefinite pronouns
11.149 The indefinite pronoun quis
11.150 The indefinite pronoun aliquis
11.151 The indefinite pronoun quispiam
11.152 The indefinite pronoun quisquam
11.153 The specifying indefinite pronoun quidam
11.154 Free-choice indefinite pronouns
11.155 Later developments
11.156 Quantifying pronouns
11.157 The universal quantifying pronouns omnis and cunctus
11.158 The distributive quantifying pronoun quisque
11.159 Binary quantifying pronouns
11.160 Interrogative pronouns
12. Cases and prepositions
12.1 The function of cases and prepositions
12.2 The frequency and distribution of cases and prepositions
Figure 12.1 The overall frequency of cases and prepositions in a number of Latin texts (in percentage)
Figure 12.2 Types of constituent at the clause level in a number of Latin texts (in percentage)
Figure 12.3 The use of cases and prepositions at the clause level in a number of Latin texts
Figure 12.4 The average distribution of cases and prepositions in poetry and prose (in percentage)
12.3 The case and preposition system
Figure 12.5 The use of cases at the clause and noun phrase levels in a number of Latin texts (in percentage)
12.4 Exceptions to the generalization that the arguments of three-place verbs are always distinctly marked (nom. + acc. + other)
12.5 The use of the cases for the first argument
12.6 The use of cases and prepositions for the second argument
Table 12.1 The use of the same case in different but semantically related categories
Table 12.2 The use of the same case for antonyms
12.7 The use of the dative as a marker of second arguments
12.8 The use of the ablative as a marker of second arguments
12.9 The use of the genitive as a marker of second arguments
12.10 The use of prepositions as a marker of second arguments
12.11 The use of cases and prepositions for the third argument
12.12 The use of cases and prepositions for adjuncts
Table 12.3 Possible combinations of verbs 39 and adjuncts such that the interpretation ‘price’ is likely
12.13 The use of cases and prepositions for disjuncts
12.14 The use of cases and prepositions at the noun phrase level
12.15 Concluding remarks on the case system
12.16 The individual cases
12.17 Nominative
12.18 Accusative
12.19 Dative
12.20 Ablative
12.21 Genitive
12.22 Vocative
12.23 Prepositions
12.24 Prepositions and adverbs
12.25 Prepositions and the cases they govern
Table 12.4 Prepositions and the cases they govern
Figure 12.6 Reanalysis of an adverb as a preposition
12.26 Prepositions governing an accusative or ablative
12.27 Prepositions governing a genitive
12.28 Variation between a bare case and a prepositional expression
12.29 Prepositions, preverbs, and cases
12.30 Diachronic developments in the functioning of cases and prepositions
12.31 Developments in the marking of arguments
12.32 Developments in the marking of satellites
12.33 Successors of the genitive as a marker of modifiers at the noun phrase level
12.34 Diachronic developments in the system of prepositions
13. Agreement
13.1 Grammatical agreement
13.2 Grammatical agreement of the verb with the subject of its clause
13.3 Grammatical agreement of the verb with a simple subject
13.4 Grammatical agreement of the verb with a compound subject
13.5 Grammatical agreement in person/number of the verb with a compound subject
13.6 The subject consists of two or more animate (or equivalent) entities
13.7 The subject consists of two or more inanimate or mixed animate/inanimate entities
13.8 Grammatical agreement of the verb in number with the first member of a compound subject
13.9 Grammatical agreement in gender of the nominal part of the verb with a compound subject
13.10 Grammatical agreement of the verb with a subject modified by a non-restrictive apposition
13.11 Grammatical agreement of the verb with a secondary predicate or a distributive apposition
13.12 Grammatical agreement of the verb with the subject complement
13.13 Grammatical agreement of the verb in a relative clause in person and number with the head in the main clause
13.14 Grammatical agreement of the verb with the subject of a comparative clause and other parallel structures
13.15 Grammatical agreement of nominal subject and object complements and of nominal secondary predicates with a simple subject or object constituent
13.16 Grammatical agreement of nominal subject and object complements and of nominal secondary predicates with a compound subject or object constituent referring to two or more animate entities
13.17 Grammatical agreement of nominal subject and object complements and of nominal secondary predicates with a compound subject or object constituent referring to two or more inanimate or mixed animate/inanimate entities
13.18 Grammatical agreement of the subject complement and the secondary predicate with non-subject arguments
13.19 Grammatical agreement in the noun phrase
13.20 Grammatical agreement of nominal modifiers with a single noun or noun phrase
13.21 Grammatical agreement of nominal modifiers with multiple nouns or noun phrases
13.22 Nouns or noun phrases combined with two or more different modifiers (referring to different entities)
13.23 Grammatical agreement of appositions with their head
13.24 Grammatical agreement of the subject with the subject complement and of the object with the object complement, when the subject or object is a pronoun
13.25 Cross-clausal and cross-sentential grammatical agreement
13.26 Cross-sentential agreement of a verb with a zero subject that must be inferred from a preceding clause or sentence
13.27 Cross-clausal grammatical agreement of a pronoun with a simple head
13.28 Cross-clausal grammatical agreement of a pronoun with a compound noun phrase
13.29 Notional agreement
13.30 Notional agreement of the verb with the subject of its clause
13.31 Notional agreement of subject and object complements and of secondary predicates
13.32 Notional agreement of the verb across a clause or sentence boundary
13.33 Cross-clausal notional agreement of anaphoric and relative pronouns
13.34 Notional agreement at the noun phrase level
13.35 Residual cases of notional agreement
13.36 Notional agreement with metonymical expressions
13.37 The constructions of mille and milia
13.38 Partim, alter alter
Bibliography
A. Abbreviated references
B. Linguistic studies
Index Locorum
Index of Grammatical Terms and Latin Words
ab (preposition)
gentilicium, agreement with
sentence types