Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery: Volume 2: Lower Extremity Fractures and Dislocation

✍ Scribed by Peifu Tang (editor), Hua Chen (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 472
• Edition: 1st ed. 2023
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book adopts the principle of guiding surgery by anatomy, fixation by biomechanics, and clinical procedures by functional recovery. In each chapter, the applied anatomy of the fracture site is first introduced, which confers prominence to the relationship between the anatomical structure and surgery and emphasizes the structure that must be protected and repaired during surgery. In addition, the biomechanical characteristics of the fracture site are described, so that the appropriate fixation method can be selected according to the characteristics of the mechanical environment. In most chapters on periarticular fractures, the book also describes in detail how the joints fulfil their function, which is often the core of clinical decision-making, with the hope that the reader can understand the how and the why.

This book adopts the outline-style format instead of the traditional paragraph-by-paragraph discussion to supply readers with the "extracted essence" in a more succinct manner, which improves the logical flow and concision and thereby improves the readability of the book. In addition, using more than 3,000 illustrations and photos in 3 volumes, many of which were obtained from our clinical practice, the book discusses injury mechanisms and the classification and assessment of extremity and axial skeleton fractures, with a focus on typical and new surgical methods developed in recent years. These illustrations and photos provide the reader with a good reference for learning surgical techniques and skills.

This second volume is focusing on lower extremity fractures in 12 chapters.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: Hip Dislocations and Femoral Head Fractures
1.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
1.1.1 Overview
1.1.2 Applied Anatomy
1.1.3 Mechanism of Injury
1.1.4 Classification of Femoral Head Fractures and Hip Dislocations
1.1.5 Assessment of Hip Dislocations and Femoral Head Fractures
1.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
1.1.5.2 Imaging Assessment
1.2 Surgical Treatment
1.2.1 Closed Reduction Technique for Hip Dislocations
1.2.2 Indications and Purposes of Surgical Treatment
1.2.2.1 Indications
1.2.2.2 Purposes of Surgery
1.2.3 Surgical Techniques
1.2.3.1 Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Femoral Head Fractures (The Smith-Petersen Approach)
1.2.3.2 Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Femoral Head Fracture (The Kocher–Langenbeck Approach)
1.2.4 Surgical Complications and Preventive Measures
References
2: Fractures of the Femoral Neck
2.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.2 Applied Anatomy
2.1.3 Mechanism of Injury
2.1.4 Classification of Femoral Neck Fractures
2.1.5 Assessment of Femoral Neck Fractures
2.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
2.1.5.2 Imaging Assessment
2.2 Surgical Treatment
2.2.1 Surgical Indications and Purpose
2.2.1.1 Surgical Indications
2.2.1.2 Timing for Surgery
2.2.1.3 Purposes of Surgery
2.2.2 Surgical Techniques
2.2.2.1 Closed/Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Femoral Neck Fractures
2.2.2.2 Hip Arthroplasty (The Posterolateral Approach)
2.2.3 Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Complications of Fractures
References
3: Intertrochanteric Fractures of the Femur
3.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
3.1.1 Overview
3.1.2 Applied Anatomy
3.1.3 Mechanism of Injury
3.1.4 Classification of Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures
3.1.5 Assessment of Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures
3.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
3.1.5.2 Imaging Assessment
3.1.5.3 Evaluation of the Intertrochanteric Femoral Fracture Stability
3.1.5.4 Evaluation of Special Types of Fractures and Potentially Unstable Fractures (Fig. 3.8)
3.2 Treatment of Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures
3.2.1 Conservative Treatments
3.2.2 Surgical Treatment
3.2.2.1 Basic Principles of Surgical Treatment
3.2.2.2 Selection of Surgical Treatment Methods
3.2.2.3 Surgical Techniques
3.2.2.4 Prevention and Treatment of Surgical Complications
References
4: Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures
4.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
4.1.1 Overview
4.1.2 Functional Anatomy
4.1.3 Mechanism of Injury and Fracture Classification
4.1.4 Assessment of Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures
4.1.4.1 Clinical Assessment
4.1.4.2 Imaging Assessment
4.2 Surgical Treatment of Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures
4.2.1 Surgical Indications
4.2.2 Surgical Options and Principles of Surgical Treatment
4.2.3 Surgical Techniques
4.2.3.1 Closed Reduction and Intramedullary Nail Fixation for Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures
4.2.3.2 Open Reduction and Plate-Screw Fixation for Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures
4.2.3.3 Experiences and Lessons
4.2.4 Surgical Complications and Their Prevention and Treatment
References
5: Femoral Shaft Fractures
5.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
5.1.1 Overview
5.1.2 Applied Anatomy
5.1.3 Mechanism of Injury
5.1.4 Classification of Femoral Shaft Fractures
5.1.5 Assessment of Femoral Shaft Fractures
5.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment and Surgical Treatment
5.1.5.2 Imaging Assessment
5.2 Surgical Treatment
5.2.1 Surgical Indications
5.2.2 Femoral Shaft Fractures and Surgical Treatment (Roberts et al. 2005)
5.2.3 Selection of Final Internal Fixation Approaches
5.2.4 Surgical Techniques
5.2.4.1 Internal Fixation with Antegrade Intramedullary Nailing
5.2.4.2 Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing for Internal Fixation
5.2.4.3 Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Femoral Shaft Fractures (The Lateral Approach)
5.2.5 Postoperative Complications and Their Prevention and Treatment Strategies
References
6: Distal Femoral Fractures
6.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
6.1.1 Overview
6.1.2 Applied Anatomy
6.1.3 Mechanism of Injury (Collinge 2010)
6.1.4 Classification of Distal Femoral Fractures
6.1.5 Assessment of Distal Femoral Fractures
6.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
6.1.5.2 Imaging Assessment
6.2 Surgical Treatment
6.2.1 Surgical Indications and Purposes
6.2.2 Surgical Techniques
6.2.2.1 Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Distal Femoral Fractures
Experience and Lessons
6.2.2.2 Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing for Proximal Femoral Fractures
6.2.3 Surgical Complications and Their Prevention and Treatment
References
7: Patellar Fractures
7.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Applied Anatomy
7.1.3 Mechanism of Injury (Bedi and Karunakar 2010)
7.1.4 Classification
7.1.5 Assessment of Patellar Fractures
7.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment (Bedi and Karunakar 2010)
7.1.5.2 Imaging Assessment
7.2 Surgical Treatment
7.2.1 Surgical Indications
7.2.2 Surgical Techniques
7.2.2.1 Open Reduction and Tension Band Internal Fixation for Patellar Fractures
Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
Operative Incision According to the Preoperative Incision Marks by Surface Projection
Surgical Procedures
Postoperative Management
Experience and Lessons
7.2.2.2 Partial Patellectomy
Surgical Techniques
Experience and Lessons
7.2.2.3 Total Patellectomy
Surgical Techniques
Experience and Lessons
7.2.3 Prevention of and Treatment Measures for Surgical Complications
References
8: Tibial Plateau Fractures
8.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Applied Anatomy
8.1.3 Mechanism of Injury
8.1.4 Classification of Tibial Plateau Fractures
8.1.5 Assessment of Tibial Plateau Fractures (Chan et al. 1997)
8.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
8.1.5.2 Imaging Assessment (Dias et al. 1987; Liow et al. 1999; Macarini et al. 2004)
8.2 Surgical Treatment
8.2.1 Surgical Indications
8.2.2 Surgical Timing and Treatment Principles
8.2.3 Selection of Surgical Strategies
8.2.4 Surgical Technique
8.2.4.1 Temporary Fixation with an External Fixator Across the Knee for Tibial Plateau Fractures (Cole et al. 2009)
8.2.4.2 Closed Reduction and External Fixation with a Hybrid Fixator for Tibial Plateau Fractures (Babis et al. 2011; Kumar and Whittle 2000)
8.2.4.3 Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Tibial Plateau Fractures (Endayan et al. 1996)
Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
Operative Incision According to the Preoperative Incision Marks by Surface Projection
Fracture Reduction and Fixation
Incision Closure
Postoperative Management
Experience and Lessons
8.2.5 Postoperative Complications and Their Prevention and Treatment Strategies
References
9: Tibial Shaft Fractures
9.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Applied Anatomy
9.1.3 Mechanism of Injury
9.1.4 Assessment of Tibial Shaft Fractures
9.1.4.1 Clinical Assessment
9.1.4.2 Imaging Assessment
9.1.5 Classification of Tibial Shaft Fractures
9.2 Surgical Treatment
9.2.1 Surgical Indications
9.2.2 Timing of Surgery
9.2.3 Selection of Surgical Strategies
9.2.3.1 Initial Soft Tissue Treatment Technique for Tibial Shaft Open Fractures
Application of Antibiotics
Debridement and Wound Irrigation
Wound Treatment (Fig. 9.7)
9.2.3.2 Lower-Leg Fasciotomy for Compartment Decompression
Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
Operative Incision According to the Preoperative Incision Marks by Surface Projection
Surgical Techniques
Postoperative Management
9.2.3.3 Unilateral External Fixation of Tibial Shaft Fractures with a Fixator Frame
Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
Surgical Technique
Experience and Techniques
9.2.3.4 Intramedullary Nail Fixation
Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
Operative Incision According to the Preoperative Incision Marks by Surface Projection, Surgical Approach, and Intramedullary Nail Entry Point
Surgical Techniques
Experience and Lessons
9.2.3.5 Plate-Screw Fixation
Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
Operative Incision According to the Preoperative Incision Marks by Surface Projection (Fig. 9.28)
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
Experience and Lessons
9.2.4 Surgical Complications and Their Prevention and Treatment
References
10: Ankle Fractures
10.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
10.1.1 Overview
10.1.2 Applied Anatomy
10.1.3 Mechanisms of Injury
10.1.4 Classification of Ankle Fractures
10.1.5 Assessment of Ankle Fractures
10.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
10.1.5.2 Imaging Assessment
10.2 Surgical Treatment
10.2.1 Surgical Indications and Purposes
10.2.2 Surgical Techniques
10.2.2.1 Choices of Surgical Approaches
10.2.2.2 Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
10.2.2.3 Operative Incision According to the Preoperative Incision Marks by Surface Projection and Surgical Approaches
10.2.2.4 Reduction and Fixation of Ankle Fractures
10.2.2.5 Postoperative Management
10.2.2.6 Experiences and Lessons
10.2.3 Surgical Complications and Their Prevention and Treatment
References
11: Pilon Fractures
11.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
11.1.1 Overview
11.1.2 Applied Anatomy
11.1.3 Mechanism of Injury in Pilon Fractures
11.1.4 Classification of Pilon Fractures
11.1.5 Preoperative Assessment
11.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
11.1.5.2 Imaging and Other Auxiliary Examinations
11.2 Surgical Treatment for Pilon Fractures
11.2.1 Surgical Indications
11.2.2 Strategies for Staged Surgical Treatment
11.2.3 Surgical Techniques
11.2.3.1 Limited Open Reduction and Trans-ankle External Fixation Frame for Pilon Fractures
11.2.3.2 Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Pilon Fractures
11.2.4 Surgical Complications and Their Prevention and Treatment
References
12: Calcaneus Fractures
12.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
12.1.1 Overview
12.1.2 Applied Anatomy
12.1.3 Mechanisms of Injury
12.1.4 Fracture Classification
12.1.4.1 Extra-articular Fractures
12.1.4.2 Intra-articular Fractures
12.1.5 Assessment of Calcaneus Fractures
12.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
12.1.5.2 Radiographic Evaluation
12.2 Surgical Treatment
12.2.1 Surgical Indications (Dhillon et al. 2011)
12.2.2 Surgical Procedures
12.2.2.1 The Lateral Approach for Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Intra-articular Fractures of the Calcaneus
Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
Operative Incision According to the Projection on the Body Surface
The Surgical Approach (Fig. 12.18)
Fracture Reduction and Fixation
Incision Closure
Postoperative Management
Experience and Lessons
12.2.2.2 Closed Reduction and Internal Fixation Technique for Tongue-Type Calcaneus Fractures via the Minimally Invasive Approach
Fracture Reduction and Fixation
12.2.3 Surgical Complications and Their Prevention and Treatment Strategies
References
13: Talus Fractures
13.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
13.1.1 Overview
13.1.2 Applied Anatomy
13.1.3 Mechanism of Injury in Talus Fractures
13.1.4 Classification of Talus Fractures
13.1.5 Preoperative Assessment
13.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
13.1.5.2 Imaging and Other Auxiliary Examinations
13.2 Surgical Treatment for Talus Fractures
13.2.1 Surgical Indications
13.2.2 Timing for Surgery
13.2.3 Surgical Techniques
13.2.3.1 Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Talus Fractures
Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
Surgical Incision and Approaches
Sequence and Techniques for Fracture and Dislocation Reduction
13.2.3.2 Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Internal Fixation (Abdelgaid and Ezzat 2012)
Indications
Body Position and Preoperative Preparation
Reduction of Talus Fractures
Fixation of the Talus Fracture
Postoperative Management
13.2.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Fixation Methods
13.2.4 Surgical Complications and Their Prevention and Treatment
13.2.4.1 Soft Tissue Complications
13.2.4.2 Nonhealing of Fractures
13.2.4.3 Malhealing of Fractures
13.2.4.4 Osteonecrosis
13.2.4.5 Post-traumatic Arthritis
References
14: Achilles Tendon Rupture
14.1 Basic Theory and Concepts
14.1.1 Overview
14.1.2 Applied Anatomy
14.1.3 Mechanism of Injury of Achilles Tendon Rupture
14.1.4 Classification of Achilles Tendon Injuries
14.1.5 Assessments of Achilles Tendon Rupture
14.1.5.1 Clinical Assessment
14.1.5.2 Radiographic Evaluation
14.2 Surgical Treatment
14.2.1 Principles of Treatment
14.2.2 Open Suture Repair for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture Using the Krackow Locking Stitch Technique
14.2.3 Percutaneous Minimally Invasive Suture for Repairing Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture
14.2.3.1 Development and Design of the Channel-Assisted Minimally Invasive Achilles Tendon Suture Repair Technique
14.2.3.2 The CAMIR Procedures for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture
14.2.4 Abraham’s V-Y Lengthening Repair of Subacute Achilles Tendon Rupture
14.2.5 The Lindholm Repair Method for an Old Achilles Tendon Rupture (Fig. 14.11)
14.2.6 Experience and Lessons
References