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Organometallic salts as phase transfer catalysts

✍ Scribed by D.W. Armstrong; H. Kornahrens; D.J. Carucci; B.A. Wohler; J.E. Kahn; J.K. Shillington


Publisher
Elsevier Science
Year
1979
Tongue
French
Weight
115 KB
Volume
20
Category
Article
ISSN
0040-4039

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✦ Synopsis


Six organometallic compounds were tested to see if they could behave as phase Summary: transfer catalysts. All of the compounds appeared to catalyze the base hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate in a 2 layer aqueous-organic system. Research on phase transfer catalysis (PTC) has largely been focused on applications to a wide variety of reactions and more recently on the mechanism of catalysis. '-' Relatively few studies have been done on the analysis and development of new catalysts.8'g Different phase transfer catalysts can vary widely in such things as their ability to extract counterions into nonpolar solvents, their cost, their stability in strong alkali or acid, and their thermal stability. Consequently, it would be well worth examining other classes of compounds (not previously identified as catalysts) to see if they can be used in PTC. In this work we show that several organometallic compounds are sufficiently stable in controlled conditions to act as phase transfer catalysts in the same manner as traditional "onium" catalysts. The base catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate in an aqueous-organic two layer system was analyzed. Six compounds (triphenylgermanium chloride, triphenyllead acetate, triphenyltin hydroxide, tricyclohexyltin bromide, tri-n-butyltin chloride and dibutyltin dichloride) were tested for PTC properties. The rates of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate using traditional "onium" catalysts, organometallic salts and no catalyst were compared. The results are given in Table 1 (infra vide). All six organometallic salts show PTC activity over the time scale of this reaction. A comparison of the triphenyl metal salts of the IV A elements (germanium, tin and lead) indicates that those metals with the larger ionic radius are slightly better catalysts. The aliphatic analogue (tricyclohexyltin bromide) was superior to all of the aryl catalysts. The most surprising result involved dibutyltin dichloride. This was the only disubstituted compound tested, Because it had fewer hydrophobic groups, it was not expected to be an effective phase transfer catalyst. Quite to the contrary, it proved to be the most effective catalyst of all the organometallic salts tested for this particular reaction.


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