## Abstract This study uses transaction records of index futures and index stocks, with bid/ask price quotes, to examine the impact of stock market order imbalance on the dynamic behavior of index futures and cash index prices. Spurious correlation in the index is purged by using an estimate of the
Order imbalance and the pricing of index futures
β Scribed by Joseph K.W. Fung
- Publisher
- John Wiley and Sons
- Year
- 2007
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 167 KB
- Volume
- 27
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 0270-7314
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
β¦ Synopsis
Abstract
This study examines whether the aggregate order imbalance for index stocks can explain the arbitrage spread between index futures and the underlying cash index. The study covers the period of the Asian financial crisis and includes wide variations in order imbalance and the indexfutures basis. The analysis controls for realistic trading costs and actual dividend payments. The results indicate that the arbitrage spread is positively related to the aggregate order imbalance in the underlying index stocks; negative orderβimbalance has a stronger impact than positive order imbalance. Violations of the upper noβarbitrage bound are related to positive order imbalance; of the lower noβarbitrage bound to negative order imbalance. Asymmetric response times to negative and positive spreads can be attributed to the difficulty, cost, and risk of short stock arbitrage when the futures are below their noβarbitrage value. The significant relationship between order imbalance and arbitrage spread confirms that index arbitrageurs are important providers of liquidity in the futures market when the stock market is in disequilibrium. Β© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 27:697β717, 2007
π SIMILAR VOLUMES
he prices observed for stock index futures have surprised both academics and T practitioners. The price structure, which gives the relation between the futures and spot prices as a function of the time to maturity, is generally flatter than simple arbitrage models predict. In fact, the futures price
## Smith, Hol Toles, and anonymous referees are gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge the valuable research assistance of Terrance Jalbert. Finally, we wish to thank Bill McLaughlin and The Bond Buyer for supplying us with the underlying municipal security prices used in this study.
Index (USDX) is a geometric weighted average of ten T major foreign exchange (FX) rates, expressed in index form relative to the geometric weighted average of March 1973 (the base).\* Formally, if we denote by Si and Bi the spot FX rates of country i expressed in "American terms" (U.S. dollars per f
n two articles, French (1983a, 1983b) argue that the prices of stock I index futures contracts may be less than predicted by a model which assumes perfect markets and ignores taxes, because futures traders lose the tax timing option. This article presents empirical tests of that conjecture. The res