Order, Conflict, and Violence

✍ Scribed by Stathis N. Kalyvas, Ian Shapiro, Tarek Masoud

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 452
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

There might appear to be little that binds the study of order and the study of violence and conflict. Bloodshed in its multiple forms is often seen as something separate from and unrelated to the domains of 'normal' politics that constitute what we think of as order. But violence is used to create order, to maintain it, and to uphold it in the face of challenges. This volume demonstrates the myriad ways in which order and violence are inextricably intertwined. The chapters embrace such varied disciplines as political science, economics, history, sociology, philosophy, and law; employ different methodologies, from game theory to statistical modeling to in-depth historical narrative to anthropological ethnography; and focus on different units of analysis and levels of aggregation, from the state to the individual to the world system. All are essential reading for anyone who seeks to understand current trends in global conflict.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 9
Tables......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
1 Introduction: integrating the study of order, conflict, and violence......Page 17
Part 1: Creating, maintaining, and restoring order......Page 20
Part 2: Challenging, transforming, and destroying order......Page 24
Part 1 Creating, maintaining, and restoring order......Page 31
Introduction......Page 33
Background......Page 36
Citizens......Page 38
The possibility of the state......Page 40
Trends in late-century Africa......Page 43
Estimation......Page 46
The theoretical variables......Page 47
Discussion......Page 51
References......Page 56
3 Attaining social order in Iraq......Page 59
Social order and forms of governance......Page 61
Iraq under the Ottomans: mamluks and Young Turks......Page 66
British hegemony: exercises in direct and indirect rule......Page 71
Iraq under Qasim and Saddam......Page 77
Implications for present-day Iraq......Page 82
References......Page 86
Introduction......Page 91
Historical context......Page 93
Mixed populations......Page 97
Militarized populations......Page 100
State weakness......Page 102
The role of politics: sensitivity to international opinion......Page 103
Factors likely to impede partition......Page 105
Militarized populations......Page 106
State weakness......Page 107
The most to lose, the least influence......Page 108
Conclusions......Page 109
References......Page 110
5 The social order of violence in Chicago and Stockholm neighborhoods: a comparative inquiry......Page 113
Theoretical backdrop......Page 115
Research design......Page 117
Community surveys......Page 118
Informal social control......Page 119
Trust/cohesion......Page 120
Census structural characteristics......Page 121
Neighborhood inequality in cross-national perspective......Page 122
Violence and collective efficacy......Page 126
Multivariate patterns......Page 128
A multilevel analysis of violent victimization......Page 131
References......Page 133
6 Traditions of justice in war: the modern debate in historical perspective......Page 136
Grotius and the nature of war......Page 137
Rousseau and the nature of asymmetrical war......Page 141
The modern laws of war from 1874 to 1949......Page 144
The legal controversy......Page 147
The martial conception of justice......Page 148
The Grotian conception of justice......Page 150
The republican conception of political justice......Page 151
References......Page 153
7 Problems and prospects for democratic settlements: South Africa as a model for the Middle East and Northern Ireland?......Page 155
1. Comparability of SAMENI negotiations......Page 159
2. The character of SAMENI negotiations......Page 162
3. Onset of SAMENI negotiations......Page 166
How the unthinkable became thinkable in South Africa......Page 167
Shifting constraints and possibilities in the Middle East......Page 169
Opportunities to end stalemate in Northern Ireland......Page 171
4. Theory and practice of commitment......Page 173
South African success......Page 176
Missed opportunity in the Middle East......Page 180
Northern Irish vulnerability to multiple vetoes......Page 187
Lessons learned......Page 196
Future prospects......Page 199
Rethinking conflict studies......Page 203
Appendix: surveys of israeli business elites......Page 204
References......Page 206
Part 2 Challenging, transforming, and destroying order......Page 211
8 Civil wars and guerrilla warfare in the contemporary world: toward a joint theory of motivations and opportunities......Page 213
Economic structure......Page 216
Taxation......Page 217
Political institutions......Page 218
Political violence......Page 220
The distribution of political violence......Page 221
Inequality and asset specificity......Page 223
Civil wars......Page 225
Guerrilla warfare......Page 230
Conclusions......Page 232
References......Page 233
Introduction......Page 235
Economic successes, political defeats......Page 239
Economy aiding politics......Page 245
Politics harming business: an example......Page 250
Conclusions......Page 253
References......Page 254
Introduction......Page 258
The contemporary literature on civil wars......Page 259
A computational model of nationalist insurgency......Page 262
Phase I: initialization......Page 265
Phase II: state formation and assimilation......Page 268
Phase III: nation building......Page 269
Phase IV: civil war......Page 272
Replication results......Page 274
Sensitivity analysis......Page 276
Variations in Phase I......Page 277
Variations in Phase II......Page 278
Variations in Phase III......Page 280
Conclusion......Page 281
References......Page 284
Introduction......Page 287
Is ethnic mobilization different?......Page 289
A new dataset on collective mobilization and collective violence in India......Page 294
Some descriptive statistics on patterns of mobilization and violence in India......Page 297
Making sense of the patterns......Page 307
Implications......Page 310
Appendix......Page 311
References......Page 315
Introduction......Page 317
Giti......Page 319
Gafunzo......Page 321
Kayove......Page 323
Kanzenze......Page 326
Musambira......Page 328
Dynamics of violence......Page 333
References......Page 336
13 Sexual violence during war: toward an understanding of variation......Page 337
World War II......Page 339
Bosnia-Herzegovina......Page 343
Sierra Leone......Page 345
Israel/Palestine......Page 347
El Salvador......Page 348
Summary of observed patterns......Page 349
Challenges to documenting wartime sexual violence......Page 350
Opportunity......Page 353
Incentives......Page 354
Sexual violence as instrumental for the group......Page 355
Sanctions against sexual violence......Page 356
Conclusion: a research agenda......Page 358
References......Page 364
14 "Military necessity" and the laws of war in Imperial Germany......Page 368
The development of military necessity in international law......Page 369
The German view of military necessity......Page 375
The German view of military necessity: conservative or revolutionary?......Page 381
Military necessity and military culture......Page 386
Epilogue: World War I......Page 389
References......Page 390
15 Preconditions of international normative change: implications for order and violence......Page 394
Democracy promotion and the democratic peace......Page 397
Justice for perpetrators of atrocities......Page 399
The logic of appropriateness......Page 402
The logic of consequences......Page 405
The logic of emotions......Page 408
References......Page 409
16 Promises and pitfalls of an emerging research program: the microdynamics of civil war......Page 413
The Maoist insurgency in Nepal: a critical review......Page 415
Problematic proxies......Page 417
Endogeneity......Page 418
Overaggregation......Page 420
Omitted variable bias......Page 421
A replication......Page 429
Conclusion......Page 433
References......Page 434
Index......Page 438