Orchid Biology: Recent Trends & Challenges

✍ Scribed by Shaik Mahammad Khasim (editor), Sadanand Nagesh Hegde (editor), María Teresa González-Arnao (editor), Kanchit Thammasiri (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 551
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book on “Orchid Biology: Recent Trends & Challenges” reviews the latest strategies for the preservation and conservation of orchid diversity and orchid germplasm. It is an outcome of the Proceedings of the International Symposium on “Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants & Orchids: Emerging Trends and Challenges” held on 9-11 February 2018 at Acharya Nagarjuna University, India. In addition, eminent orchid experts from around the globe were invited to contribute to this book. All chapters were peer-reviewed by international experts.

The Orchidaceae are one of the largest families of flowering plants, comprising over 700 genera and 22,500 species and contributing roughly 40 percent of monocotyledons. They also represent the second-largest flowering plant family in India, with 1,141 species in 166 genera, and contribute roughly 10% of Indian flora. Orchids comprise a unique group of plants and their flowers are among the most enchanting and exquisite creations of nature.

Phylogenetically and taxonomically, the Orchidaceae are considered to be a highly evolved family among angiosperms. They show incredible diversity in terms of the shape, size and colour of their flowers, and are of great commercial importance in floriculture markets around the globe. Millions of cut flowers of Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Cattleya, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis, Vanda etc., besides potted orchid plants, are sold in Western Countries and thus, the orchid cut flower industry has now become a multimillion-dollar business in Europe, the USA and South East Asia.

Besides their ornamental value, orchids hold tremendous pharmaceutical potential. Root tubers of Habenaria edgeworthii form an important component of the ‘Astavarga’ group of drugs in Ayurvedic medicine. It is an established fact that tubers of some terrestrial orchids have been used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal disorders, cough,cold and tuberculosis. Some orchids, particularly those belonging to the genera Aerides, Arachnis, Cattleya, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Epidendrum, Oncidium, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis, Renanthera, Vanda etc. have been extensively used to produce internationally acclaimed hybrids. Yet paradoxically, Indian orchids are victims of their own beauty and popularity. As a result, their natural populations have been declining rapidly because of unbridled commercial exploitation in India and abroad. In fact, some orchids are now at the verge of extinction, e.g. Renanthera imschootiana, Diplomeris hirsuta, Paphiopedilum fairrieanum, Cypripedium elegans, Taeniophylum andamanicum etc.

Given the global importance of orchids in terms of securing human health and wealth, this comprehensive compilation, prepared by international experts, is highly topical. Its content is divided into five main sections: (I) Cryopreservation & Biotechnology,(II) Orchid Biodiversity & Conservation, (III) Anatomy & Physiology, (IV) Pollination Biology and (V) Orchid Chemicals & Bioactive Compounds. All contributions were written by eminent orchid experts/professors from around the world, making the book a valuable reference guide for all researchers, teachers, orchid enthusiasts, orchid growers and students of biotechnology, botany, pharmaceutical sciences and ethnomedicine. It will be equally valuable for readers from the horticultural industry, especially the orchid industry, agricultural scientists and policymakers.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Cryopreservation and Biotechnology
1: Cryopreservation Development of Some Endangered Thai Orchid Species
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cryopreservation Technology
References
2: Status of Orchid Industry in India
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Indian Scenario
2.3 Orchid Development in India
2.4 Commercial Potentials
2.5 Agroclimate and Orchid Germplasm
2.6 Greenhouse Technology
2.7 Medicinal and Aromatic Orchids
2.8 Present Trend in Export and Import of Orchids
2.9 Summary of the Import and Export
2.10 Conclusion
References
3: Cryobiotechnological Studies in Vanilla: The Orchid of Multi-industrial Uses
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cryopreservation of In Vitro-Derived Vanilla Explants
3.2.1 Comparison of Different Cryogenic Techniques with Two Types of In Vitro Vanilla Explants
3.2.2 Plant Material
3.2.3 Outcome of Cryopreservation Experiments
3.3 Thermal Analysis of Vanilla Shoot-Tips by DSC
3.3.1 DSC Analysis Results
3.4 Assessment of Genetic Stability During In Vitro Culture and Cryopreservation of Vanilla Shoot-Tips Using ISSR Markers
3.4.1 Preliminary Results of Genetic Stability Assessment Effect of Tissue Culture
3.4.2 Effect of Cryoprotective Steps of D-V Procedure
3.4.3 Effect of Cryoprotective Steps of V-Cp Procedure
3.5 Conclusions
References
4: In Vitro Propagation and Germplasm Conservation of Wild Orchids from South America
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biodiversity of South American Orchids
4.3 In Vitro Propagation Approaches in Orchids
4.3.1 In Vitro Seed Germination
4.3.2 Clonal Propagation Using Various Explants
4.4 In vitro Conservation Approaches in Orchids
4.5 In vitro Propagation and Germplasm Conservation of Wild Orchids from Argentina, Case Studies
4.5.1 Epiphytic Orchids
4.5.1.1 Genus: Cattleya
4.5.1.2 Genus: Cohniella
4.5.1.3 Genus: Gomesa
4.5.2 Terrestrial Orchids
4.5.2.1 Genus: Aa
4.5.2.2 Genus: Cyrtopodium
4.5.2.3 Genus: Habenaria
4.6 General Conclusion
References
5: Postharvest Technology of Cut Flowers of Orchids
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Postharvest Physiology of Orchids
5.2.1 Respiration
5.2.2 Ethylene Production
5.2.3 Water Relation
5.2.4 Food Supply
5.2.5 Hormonal Balance
5.3 Postharvest Handling for Cut Orchids
5.3.1 Temperature
5.3.2 Preservative Solution
5.3.2.1 Plant Growth Regulators
5.3.3 Inhibitor of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Action
5.4 Conclusion
References
6: Cryobiotechnology of Korean Orchid Biodiversity: A Case Study Using Cymbidium kanran
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Plant Material
6.1.2 Droplet Vitrification
6.1.3 Preculture Desiccation of Rhizome Sections
6.1.4 Water Content Measurement and DSC Thermal Analysis
6.1.5 Recovery Growth
6.1.6 Droplet Vitrification of Rhizome Lateral Buds, Sections and Apical Tips
6.2 Preculture Desiccation of Rhizome Sections
6.3 Cryobiotechnological Methods for Orchids
6.4 Conclusion
References
Part II: Orchid Biodiversity and Conservation
7: Species Diversity and Distribution of Orchids in Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand, India
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Orchid Diversity
7.3 Distribution Pattern
7.4 Habitat-Wise Distribution
7.5 Conservation Status of the Taxa of the Region
7.6 Conclusion
References
8: Status of Genetic Diversity and Its Characterization in Genus Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) from North-Eastern India
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bulbophyllum: Genetic Diversity and Its Characterization
References
9: Orchid Diversity in Darjeeling Himalaya, India: Present Status and Conservation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Darjeeling Himalaya
9.3 Phytogeography of Darjeeling Himalaya
9.4 Enumeration of Orchid Species in Darjeeling Himalaya
9.5 Analysis of Orchid Flora
9.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
10: Orchid Diversity in the Eastern Ghats of Northern Andhra Pradesh, India
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Orchid Diversity in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India
10.3 Conclusion
References
11: History and Scientific Potential of the Orchid Collection of the Stoсk Greenhouse of the Main Botanical Garden RAS (Moscow, Russia)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Problems of the Nomenclature of the Orchidaceae in Systematic Living Collections
11.3 Adaptation of Orchids to Cultivation in Greenhouse
11.4 Reproductive Biology
11.5 Cryobank of Orchid Seeds
11.6 Symbiotrophism
References
12: Status of Orchid Diversity, Conservation, and Research and Development in Arunachal Pradesh: An Overview
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Broad Phytoclimatic Zones and Forest Types
12.3 Orchid Diversity
12.4 Orchid Diversity Analysis
12.5 Conservation
12.6 Research and Development
12.7 Conclusion
References
Part III: Anatomy and Physiology
13: Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Types of Orchid Roots and Velamen
13.3 Nature of the Endophytic Fungi
13.4 Orchid Mcyorrhizal Fungi (OMF)
13.4.1 Colonization Patterns of OMF in Orchid Roots
13.4.2 Nutrient Transfer by OMF
13.4.3 Plant Growth Stimulation by OMF
13.4.4 Phytohormone Production by OMF
13.4.5 Role of OMF in Disease Resistance
13.5 OMF Diversity
13.5.1 OMF Diversity in Terrestrial Photosynthetic Orchids
13.5.2 OMF Diversity Epiphytic Photosynthetic Orchid
13.6 Taxonomy of OMF
13.7 Symbiotic Seed Germination
13.7.1 Fungal Preference
13.7.2 Fungal Specificity
13.7.3 Cold Treatment
13.7.4 Light
13.8 Role of OMF Specificity in Orchid Rarity
13.9 Importance of OMF in Conservation and Restoration of Orchids
13.10 Conclusion
References
14: Orchid Seed Ultrastructure: Ecological and Taxonomic Implications with Reference to Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Seed Micromorphology
14.2.1 General Seed Micromorphological Features and Functional Adaptations in the Orchidaceae
14.3 Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Implications
References
15: Structural Adaptations of Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) to the Epiphytic Habitat and Their Phylogenetic Implications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 General Anatomy of Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium
15.2.1 Leaf
15.2.2 Pseudobulb/Stem
15.2.3 Root
15.3 Anatomy in Relation to Ecological Adaptability
15.3.1 Tribal and Subtribal Delineation in Dendrobieae of Subfamily Epidendroideae
15.4 Interrelationships and Phylogenetic Implications
References
16: Physiological Response of Dendrobium cv. Earsakul to Plant Growth Promoters and Growing Systems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Plant Growth Regulators and their Physiological Response in Dendrobium cv. Earsakul
16.2.1 Leaf Area
16.2.2 Dry Matter Production (DMP)
16.2.3 Crop Growth Rate
16.2.4 Relative Growth Rate
16.2.5 Net Assimilation Rate
16.2.6 Number of Stomata
16.2.7 Rate of Photosynthesis
16.2.8 Transpiration Rate at Night Time
16.2.9 Transpiration Rate at Daytime
References
17: Anatomical Studies in Some Indian Coelogyneae (Orchidaceae)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Root Anatomy of Indian Coelogyneae
17.3 Anatomy in Relation to Ecological Adaptability
References
Part IV: Pollination Biology
18: Beauty of Orchid Flowers Are Not Adequate to Lure Indian Biologists
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Deceptive Pollination Mechanisms in Orchids
18.3 Pollination and Conservation in Orchids
References
19: Evolution of Organismal Female Wasp Mimics in Sexually Deceptive Orchid Genus Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae)
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Species Selection and Species List
19.1.1.1 Picture Selection for the Study
19.2 Organ to Organismal Insect Mimic Lineage
19.3 Evolution of Organismal Female Wasp Mimics in Chiloglottis
19.3.1 Supporting Information
19.3.1.1 Evolution of Insect Mimics in Genus Paracaleana
19.3.1.2 Evolution of Insect Mimics in Genus Drakaea
References
20: Pollination Studies in the Genus Habenaria Willd. (Orchidaceae) from Western Ghats, India
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Selection of Study Site
20.1.2 Species Morphology
20.1.3 Pollinator Behaviour
20.1.4 Scent
20.1.5 Male Efficiency Factor
20.2 Pollination in Genus Habenaria
20.2.1 Pollination Biology of Habenaria longicorniculata J. Graham (Figs. 20.1 and 20.2)
20.2.2 Pollination Biology of Habenaria foetida (Blatt. and McCann) Bennet
20.2.3 Pollination Biology of Habenaria furcifera Lindl
References
Part V: Orchid Chemicals and Bioactive Compounds
21: Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Eria tomentosa (Koen.) Hook. f.
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Phytochemical Tests
21.2.1 Test of Alkaloids
21.2.2 Test for Phlobatannins
21.2.3 Test for Flavonoids
21.2.4 Test for Saponins
21.2.5 Test for Tannins
21.2.6 Test for Terpenoids
21.2.7 Test for Steroids
21.2.8 Test for Glycosides
21.2.9 Test for Anthraquinone
21.2.10 Test for Quinine
21.2.11 Test for Coumarin
21.3 Therapeutic Properties and Experimental Design
21.3.1 Antioxidant Activity
21.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
21.4 Phytochemical Analysis
21.5 Antioxidant Efficacy
21.6 Anti-inflammatory Property
References
22: Medicinal Orchids: Production of Bioactive Compounds and Biomass
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Type and Efficacy of Bioactive Compounds
22.2 Biomass Production of Medicinal Orchids by Micropropagation
22.3 Factors Affecting Micropropagation
22.3.1 Plant Growth Regulators
22.4 Bioreactor Culture
22.4.1 Bioreactor Culture for Medicinal Orchids
22.5 Two Case Studies
22.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
23: Ethnomedicinal Aspects of Some Orchids from Darjeeling Himalaya, India
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Ethnobotanical Data Collection
23.2 Lepcha Community and Ethnomedicinal Importance of Orchids
23.2.1 Demography of Informants
23.2.2 Therapeutic Importance of Orchids
23.2.3 Mode of Preparation
23.2.4 Major Disease Categories
23.2.5 Fidelity Level of Medicinal Plants
23.2.6 Preference Ranking (Pr)
23.3 Conclusions
References
24: Evaluation of Phytoconstituents and Antibacterial Activity of Vanda tessellata Using In Vitro Model
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Plant Material and Solvent Extraction
24.1.2 Bacteria and Antibacterial Activity
24.1.3 Phytochemical Tests (Qualitative)
24.2 Phytochemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activities in Vanda tessellata
24.3 Conclusion
References
25: Screening of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Some Indigenous Epiphytic Orchids of Bangladesh
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Quantitative Test for Phytochemicals
25.2.1 Test for Alkaloids
25.2.2 Phlobatannin Test
25.2.3 Flavonoid Test
25.2.4 Saponin Test
25.2.5 Quinine Test
25.2.6 Tannin Test
25.2.7 Phytosterol Test
25.2.8 Tannic Acid Test
25.2.9 Terpenoid Test
25.2.10 Xanthoproteic Test
25.2.11 Proteins (Biuret Test)
25.2.12 Carbohydrate (Fehling’s Test)
25.2.13 Glycosides Test
25.2.14 Cardiac Glycoside Test
25.2.15 Coumarin Test
25.2.16 Steroid Test
25.2.17 Determination of Phenolic Content
25.2.18 Determination of Antioxidant Activity
25.2.19 Determination of Anti-inflammatory Activity
25.3 Antimicrobial Tests
25.3.1 Antibacterial Activity Test
25.3.2 Antifungal Activity Test
25.3.3 Cytotoxicity Assay
25.4 Determination of Analgesic Activity
25.5 Phytochemical Screening
25.5.1 Alkaloids
25.5.2 Steroids, Tannins, Xanthoproteics and Flavonoids
25.5.3 Total Phenolic Content
25.6 Antioxidant Activity
25.7 Anti-inflammatory Activity
25.8 Antibacterial Activity
25.9 Antifungal Activity
25.9.1 Anticancer Efficacy of Orchids
25.9.2 Analgesic Activity
References
26: GC-MS Analysis of Organic Extracts of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae) Leaves from Eastern Ghats of India
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Ethnobotany and Traditional Use of Cymbidium Aloifolium
26.3 Sample Collection and Preparation of Crude Extracts
26.4 GC-MS Equipment
26.5 GC-MS Analysis of Organic Extracts
26.6 Orchid Chemicals and Their Importance
26.7 Conclusion
References
27: Anticancer Property in Acampe praemorsa and Aerides odorata (Orchidaceae), an In Vitro Approach
27.1 Introduction
27.1.1 Human Cell Lines
27.1.2 Preparation of Crude Leaf Extract and MTT Assay
27.2 In Vitro Cytotoxic Effect Against Cancer Cell Lines
27.2.1 Acampe praemorsa
27.2.2 Aerides odorata
27.2.3 Orchid Chemicals as Anticancer Agents
27.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
28: Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook
28.1 Introduction
28.1.1 Plant Materials and Preparation of Solvent Extracts
28.1.2 Bacterial Strains and Antibacterial Activity
28.1.3 Phytochemical Tests
28.2 Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Dendrobium fimbriatum
28.3 Conclusion
References
Index