✍ Scribed by F. Graham Smith, J. H. Thomson
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
Optics as a subject has evolved dramatically in recent years, with many applications throughout science and technology.
Front cover
Flow diagram
Title
The Manchester physics series
Title page
Date-line
Editors' Preface to the Manchester Physics Series
Author's Preface
Contents
1 THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT
1.1 Photons and Waves
1.2 Wave Theory
1.3 Electromagnetic Waves
1.4 Energy Flow in Electromagnetic Waves
1.5 Cosinusoidal Waves
1.6 Dispersion
1.7 Group Velocity
Problems 1
2 COMBINATIONS OF WAVES
2.1 Waves and Phasors
2.2 The Complex Amplitude
2.3 Positive and Negative Frequencies
2.4 Beats between Oscillators
2.5 Standing Waves
2.6 Crossing Plane Waves
2.7 Similarities between Beats and Standing Wave Patterns
2.8 Standing Waves and the Doppler Effect
2.9 Standing Waves at a Reflector
Problems 2
3 FOURIER THEORY AND WAVE GROUPS
3.1 Fourier Series and Spectra
3.2 Fourier Series with Exponentials
3.3 Fourier Transforms
3.4 Finding the Fourier Transform of a Non-Periodic Function
3.5 The Transform of a Modulated Wave
3.6 Convolution
3.7 Delta and Grating Functions
3.8 Autocorrelation and the Power Spectrum
3.9 Wave Groups
3.10 The Schrodinger Wave Group
3.11 An Angular Spread of Plane Waves
Problems 3
4 WAVE PROPAGATION
4.1 Rays and Wavefronts
4.2 Reflection at a Plane Surface
4.3 Refraction at a Plane Boundary
4.4 Oscillatory Waves and Huygen's Principle
4.5 Fermat's Principle
4.6 Refractive Index and Wave Impedance
4.7 Partial Reflection of Plane Waves
4.8 Reflection at Oblique Incidence
4.9 Anisotropic Propagation
4.10 Double Refraction in a Uniaxial Crystal
Problems 4
5 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
5.1 Polarization of Transverse Waves
5.2 Formal Description of Polarized Light—Elliptical Polarization
5.3 Analysis of Elliptically Polarized Waves
5.4 Polarizers
5.5 Birefringent Polarizers
5.6 Quarter-and Half-Wave Plates
5.7 Optical Activity
5.8 Induced Birefringence
5.9 Liquid Crystal Displays
Problems 5
6 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
6.1 The Concept of Rays
6.2 Perfect Imaging
6.3 Perfect Imaging of Surfaces
6.4 Spherical Surfaces—the Paraxial Approximation
6.5 General Properties of Imaging Systems
6.6 Ray Tracing—Separated Thin Lenses in Air
6.7 Ray Tracing—The Sine Law
6.8 Spherical Surfaces—The Concept of Wavefronts
Problems 6
7 ABERRATIONS
7.1 Ray and Wave Aberrations
7.2 Wave Aberration on Axis—Spherical Aberration
7.3 Off-Axis Aberrations
7.4 Influence of Aperture Stops
7.5 The Reduction of Spherical Aberration by Corrector Plates
7.6 The Correction of Chromatic Aberration
7.7 Achromatism in Separated Lens Systems
Problems 7
8 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
8.1 Lenses and Mirrors
8.2 Refraction in a Prism
8.3 The Simple Lens Magnifier
8.4 The Telescope
8.5 Advantages of the Various Types of Telescope
8.6 Binoculars
8.7 The Compound Microscope
8.8 Image-Forming Instruments—The Camera
8.9 Intensity, Flux, Illumination, and Brightness
8.10 Illumination in Optical Instruments
Problems 8
9 INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION
9.1 Young's Experiment
9.2 Diffraction at a Single Slit
9.3 The General Aperture
9.4 Rectangular and Circular Apertures
9.5 The Field at the Edge of an Aperture
Problems 9
10 FRESNEL DIFFRACTION
10.1 Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction—the Rayleigh Criterion
10.2 Shadow Edges—Fresnel Diffraction at a Straight Edge
10.3 Diffraction of Cylindrical Wavefronts
10.4 Fresnel Diffraction by Slits and Strip Obstacles
10.5 Spherical Waves and Circular Apertures—Half-Period Zones
10.6 Kirchhoff's Diffraction Theory
Problems 10
11 THE DIFFRACTION GRATING AND RELATED TOPICS
11.1 The Diffraction Grating
11.2 Diffraction Pattern of the Grating
11.3 The Effect of Slit Width and Shape
11.4 Fourier Transforms in Grating Theory
11.5 Missing Orders and Blazed Gratings
11.6 Making Gratings
11.7 Radio Antenna Arrays
11.8 X-Ray Diffraction with a Ruled Grating
11.9 X-Ray Diffraction by a Crystal Lattice
Problems 11
12 YOUNG'S DOUBLE SLIT AND RELATED TOPICS
12.1 Young's Slits, FresnePs Biprism, and Lloyd's Mirror
12.2 The Effect of Slit Width
12.3 Source Size and Coherence
12.4 Michelson's Stellar Interferometer
12.5 The Intensity Interferometer
Problems 12
13 INTERFERENCE BY DIVISION OF AMPLITUDE
13.1 Division of Amplitude—Newton's Rings
13.2 Interference Effects with a Plane-Parallel Plate
13.3 Thin Films
13.4 Michelson's Spectral Interferometer
13.5 Multiple Beam Interference
13.6 The Fabry-Perot Interferometer
13.7 Interference Filters
Problems 13
14 THE RESOLUTION LIMITS OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Telescope
14.3 Resolving Power and Sensitivity
14.4 The Microscope
14.5 Coherent Illumination in the Microscope (Abbe Theory)
14.6 Phase-Contrast Microscopy
14.7 Spatial Filtering
14.8 Resolution in Wavelength: The Prism Spectrometer
14.9 The Grating Spectrometer
14.10 Resolving Power of a Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Problems 14
15 INTERFEROMETERS AND SPECTROMETERS
15.1 The Measurement of Length
15.2 The Rayleigh Refractometer
15.3 Wedge Fringes and End Gauges
15.4 The Twyman and Green Interferometer
15.5 The Standard of Length
15.6 The Michelson-Morley Experiment
15.7 The Ring Interferometer
15.8 The Choice of Spectrometers
15.9 The Grating Spectrometer
15.10 Concave Gratings
15.11 Echelle and Echelon Gratings
15.12 The Fabry-Perot Interferometer
15.13 Twin-Beam Spectroscopy
15.14 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
Problems 15
16 COHERENCE AND CORRELATION
16.1 The Region of Coherence
16.2 Correlation as a Measure of Coherence
16.3 Autocorrelation and Coherence
16.4 Aperture Synthesis
16.5 The Intensity Interferometer
17 LASERS
17.1 Light Amplification
17.2 The Laser as an Oscillator
17.3 Optical Cavities and their Properties
17.4 Pulsed Lasers
17.5 Mode Locking
17.6 Glass, Gas and Liquid Lasers
17.7 Semiconductor Lasers
17.8 Fibre Optic Communications
17.9 Properties of Laser Light
17.10 Harmonic Generation and Heterodyning
17.11 Homodyne Detection of Laser Light
18 HOLOGRAPHY
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Gabor's Original Method
18.3 A More Sophisticated System: Carrier Fringes
18.4 Aspect Effects
18.5 Three-Dimensional Holograms—Colour Holography
18.6 Holography of Moving Objects
19 RADIATION BY ACCELERATED CHARGES
19.1 The Electromagnetic Field
19.2 The Hertzian Dipole
19.3 Cerenkov Radiation
19.4 Synchrotron Radiation
19.5 Bremsstrahlung
20 PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN REFRACTION
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Polarization in Dielectrics
20.3 Free Electrons
20.4 Resonant Atoms in Gases
20.5 Anisotropic Refraction
20.6 Rayleigh Scattering
20.7 Raman Scattering
20.8 Thomson and Compton Scattering by Electrons
21 DETECTION OF LIGHT
21.1 Detection over the Electromagnetic Spectrum
21.2 Thermal Detectors
21.3 Photoconductive Detectors
21.4 Photoelectric Detectors
21.5 Photon-Counting Image Detectors
21.6 Electron Beam Scanners and Intensifies
21.7 Photodiodes and Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)
21.8 Photography
21.9 The Eye
FURTHER READING
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
INDEX
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Units, Symbols and Data
Back cover
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