Optics for Engineers

✍ Scribed by Charles A. DiMarzio

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 750
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This textbook provides an accessible introduction to the fundamentals of geometric and physical optics as they relate to practical problems encountered by engineers and researchers in designing and analyzing optical systems.

In this updated edition, the author focuses on topics that are critical to understanding how the basic principles of optics affect design decisions. In addition to information on breadboarding experiments and prototypes, the new edition also expands its coverage of diffraction and includes numerous complete examples, and practical reminders

Professor Charles A. DiMarzio is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and the Department of Bioengineering at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts. He spent 14 years at Raytheon Company’s Electro-Optics Systems Laboratory in coherent laser radar for air safety and meteorology. Among other projects there, he worked on an airborne laser radar, flown on the Galileo-II, to monitor airflow related to severe storms, pollution, and wind energy, and another laser radar to characterize the wake vortices of landing aircraft. His current research in biomedical optics focuses on microscopy including coherent imaging, structured illumination, and multi-modal imaging. He is also a founding member of Gordon-CenSSIS – the Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
Preface
Author
1. Introduction
1.1. Why Optics?
1.2. History
1.2.1. Earliest Years
1.2.2. Al Hazan
1.2.3. 1600–1800
1.2.4. 1800–1900
1.2.5. Quantum Mechanics and Einstein’s Miraculous Year
1.2.6. Middle 1900s
1.2.7. The Laser Arrives
1.2.8. The Space Decade
1.2.9. The Late 1900s and Beyond
1.3. Optical Engineering
1.4. Electromagnetics Background
1.4.1. Maxwell’s Equations
1.4.2. Wave Equation
1.4.3. Vector and Scalar Waves
1.4.4. Impedance, Poynting Vector, and Irradiance
1.4.5. Wave Notation Conventions
1.4.6. Summary of Electromagnetics
1.5. Wavelength, Frequency, Power, and Photons
1.5.1. Wavelength, Wavenumber, Frequency, and Period
1.5.2. Field Strength, Irradiance, and Power
1.5.3. Energy and Photons
1.6. Energy Levels and Transitions
1.7. Macroscopic Effects
1.8. Basic Concepts of Imaging
1.8.1. Eikonal Equation and Optical Path Length
1.8.2. Fermat’s Principle
1.8.3. Summary
1.9. Overview of the Book
2. Basic Geometric Optics
2.1. Snell’s Law
2.2. Imaging with a Single Interface
2.3. Reflection
2.3.1. Planar Surface
2.3.2. Curved Surface
2.4. Refraction
2.4.1. Planar Surface
2.4.2. Curved Surface
2.5. Simple Lens
2.5.1. Thin Lens
2.6. Prisms
2.7. Reflective Systems
3. Matrix Optics
3.1. Matrix Optics Concepts
3.1.1. Basic Matrices
3.1.2. Cascading Matrices
3.1.3. Summary of Matrix Optics Concepts
3.2. Interpreting the Results
3.2.1. Principal Planes
3.2.2. Imaging
3.2.3. Summary of Principal Planes and Interpretation
3.3. The Thick Lens Again
3.3.1. Summary of the Thick Lens
3.4. Compound Lenses
3.4.1. Two Thin Lenses
3.4.2. 2× Magnifier with Compound Lens
3.4.3. Global Coordinates
3.4.4. Telescopes
4. Stops, Pupils, and Windows
4.1. Aperture Stop
4.1.1. Solid Angle and Numerical Aperture
4.1.2. f-Number
4.2. Field Stop
4.2.1. Exit Window
4.2.2. Example: Camera
4.3. Locating and Identifying Pupils and Windows
4.3.1. Object-Space Description
4.3.2. Image-Space Description
4.3.3. Finding the Pupil and Aperture Stop
4.3.4. Finding the Windows
4.4. Typical Optical Instruments
4.4.1. Telescope
4.4.2. Scanning
4.4.3. Magnifiers and Microscopes
5. Aberrations
5.1. Exact Ray Tracing
5.1.1. Ray Tracing Computation
5.1.2. Aberrations in Refraction
5.2. Ellipsoidal Mirror
5.2.1. Aberrations and Field of View
5.2.2. Design Aberrations
5.2.3. Aberrations and Aperture
5.3. Seidel Aberrations and OPL
5.3.1. Spherical Aberration
5.3.2. Distortion
5.3.3. Coma
5.3.4. Field Curvature and Astigmatism
5.4. Spherical Aberration for a Thin Lens
5.4.1. Coddington Factors
5.4.2. Analysis
5.5. Chromatic Aberration
5.6. Design Issues
5.7. Lens Design
6. Polarized Light
6.1. Fundamentals of Polarized Light
6.1.1. Light as a Transverse Wave
6.1.2. Linear Polarization
6.1.3. Circular Polarization
6.1.4. Note about Random Polarization
6.2. Behavior of Polarizing Devices
6.2.1. Linear Polarizer
6.2.2. Waveplate
6.2.3. Rotator
6.3. Interaction with Materials
6.4. Fresnel Reflection and Transmission
6.4.1. Snell’s Law
6.4.2. Reflection and Transmission
6.4.3. Power
6.4.4. Total Internal Reflection
6.4.5. Transmission through a Beamsplitter or Window
6.4.6. Complex Index of Refraction
6.5. Physics of Polarizing Devices
6.5.1. Polarizers
6.5.2. Birefringence
6.5.3. Polarization Rotator
6.6. Jones Vectors and Matrices
6.6.1. Basic Polarizing Devices
6.6.2. Coordinate Transforms
6.6.3. Mirrors and Reflection
6.6.4. Matrix Properties
6.6.5. Applications
6.7. Partial Polarization
6.7.1. Coherency Matrices
6.7.2. Stokes Vectors and Mueller Matrices
6.7.3. Mueller Matrices
6.7.4. Poincar´e Sphere
7. Interference
7.1. Mach–Zehnder Interferometer
7.1.1. Basic Principles
7.1.2. Straight-Line Layout
7.1.3. Viewing an Extended Source
7.1.4. Viewing a Point Source: Alignment Issues
7.1.5. Balanced Mixing
7.2. Doppler Laser Radar
7.2.1. Basics
7.2.2. Mixing Efficiency
7.2.3. Doppler Frequency
7.2.4. Range Resolution
7.3. Resolving Ambiguities
7.3.1. Phase-Shifting Interferometry
7.3.2. Offset Reference Frequency
7.3.3. Optical Quadrature
7.3.4. Other Imaging Approaches
7.3.5. Comparison
7.3.6. Periodicity Issues
7.4. Michelson Interferometer
7.4.1. Basics
7.4.2. Compensator Plate
7.4.3. Application: Optical Testing
7.5. Fabry–Perot Interferometer
7.5.1. Basics
7.5.2. Fabry–Perot Ètalon
7.5.3. Laser Cavity as a Fabry–Perot Interferometer
7.5.4. Frequency Modulation
7.5.5. Ètalon for Single-Longitudinal Mode Operation
7.6. Beamsplitter
7.7. Thin Films
7.7.1. High-Reflectance Stack
7.7.2. Antireflection Coatings
8. Diffraction
8.1. Physics of Diffraction
8.2. The Angular Spectrum
8.3. Fresnel–Kirchhoff Integral
8.3.1. Summary of the Fresnel–Kirchhoff Integral
8.4. Paraxial Approximation
8.4.1. Coordinate Definitions and Approximations
8.4.2. Computing the Field
8.4.3. Fresnel Radius and the Far Field
8.4.4. Fraunhofer Lens
8.4.5. Summary of Paraxial Approximation
8.5. Fraunhofer Diffraction Equations
8.5.1. Spatial Frequency
8.5.2. Angle and Spatial Frequency
8.6. Some Useful Fraunhofer Patterns
8.6.1. Square or Rectangular Aperture
8.6.2. Circular Aperture
8.6.3. Gaussian Beam
8.6.4. Gaussian Beam in an Aperture
8.6.5. Depth of Field: Almost-Fraunhofer Diffraction
8.6.6. Summary of Special Cases
8.7. Resolution of an Imaging System
8.7.1. Definitions
8.7.2. View from the Pupil Plane
8.7.3. Rayleigh Criterion
8.7.4. Alternative Definitions
8.7.5. Diffraction Examples
8.7.6. Superresolution
8.7.7. Summary of Resolution
8.8. Diffraction Grating
8.8.1. Grating Equation
8.8.2. Aliasing
8.8.3. Fourier Analysis
8.8.4. Example: Laser Beam and Grating Spectrometer
8.8.5. Blaze Angle
8.8.6. Littrow Grating
8.8.7. Monochromators and Spectrometers Again
8.8.8. Bragg Cell
8.9. Fresnel Diffraction
8.9.1. Fresnel Cosine and Sine Integrals
8.9.2. Cornu Spiral and Diffraction at Edges
8.9.3. Fresnel Diffraction as Convolution
8.9.4. Fresnel Zone Plate and Lens
8.9.5. Summary of Fresnel Diffraction
9. Gaussian Beams
9.1. Equations for Gaussian Beams
9.1.1. Derivation
9.1.2. Gaussian Beam Characteristics
9.1.3. Summary of Gaussian Beam Equations
9.2. Gaussian Beam Behavior away from the Waist
9.3. Six Questions
9.3.1. Known z and b
9.3.2. Known ρ and b′
9.3.3. Known z and b′
9.3.4. Known ρ and b
9.3.5. Known z and ρ
9.3.6. Known b and b′
9.4. Gaussian Beam Propagation
9.4.1. Free Space Propagation
9.4.2. Propagation through a Lens
9.4.3. Propagation Using Matrix Optics
9.4.4. Propagation Example
9.5. Collins Chart
9.5.1. Relay Lenses in the Collins Chart
9.5.2. Finding Solutions with the Collins Chart
9.6. Stable Laser Cavity Design
9.6.1. Design Problem: Matching Curvatures
9.6.2. Analysis of a Laser Cavity
9.6.3. More Complicated Cavities
9.6.4. Summary of Stable Cavity Design
9.7. Hermite–Gaussian Modes
9.7.1. Mode Definitions
9.7.2. Expansion in Hermite–Gaussian Modes
9.7.3. Coupling Equations and Mode Losses
9.7.4. Summary of Hermite–Gaussian Modes
10. Coherence
10.1. Definitions
10.2. Discrete Frequencies
10.3. Temporal Coherence
10.3.1. Weiner–Khintchine Theorem
10.3.2. Example: LED
10.3.3. Example: Beamsplitters
10.3.4. Example: Optical Coherence Tomography
10.4. Spatial Coherence
10.4.1. Van–Cittert–Zernike Theorem
10.4.2. Example: Coherent and Incoherent Source
10.4.3. Speckle in Scattered Light
10.5. Controlling Coherence
10.5.1. Increasing Coherence
10.5.2. Decreasing Coherence
10.6. Summary
11. Fourier Optics
11.1. Coherent Imaging
11.1.1. Fourier Analysis
11.1.2. Computation
11.1.3. Isoplanatic Systems
11.1.4. Sampling: Aperture as Anti-Aliasing Filter
11.1.5. Amplitude Transfer Function
11.1.6. Point-Spread Function
11.1.7. General Optical System
11.2. Incoherent Imaging Systems
11.2.1. Incoherent Point-Spread Function
11.2.2. Incoherent Transfer Function
11.2.3. Camera
11.3. Characterizing an Optical System
12. Radiometry and Photometry
12.1. Basic Radiometry
12.1.1. Quantities, Units, and Definitions
12.1.2. Radiance Theorem
12.1.3. Radiometric Analysis: An Idealized Example
12.1.4. Practical Example
12.2. Spectral Radiometry
12.2.1. Some Definitions
12.2.2. Examples
12.2.3. Spectral Matching Factor
12.3. Photometry and Colorimetry
12.3.1. Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function
12.3.2. Photometric Quantities
12.3.3. Color
12.3.4. Other Color Sources
12.3.5. Reflected Color
12.4. Instrumentation
12.4.1. Radiometer or Photometer
12.4.2. Power Measurement: The Integrating Sphere
12.5. Blackbody Radiation
12.5.1. Background
12.5.2. Useful Blackbody-Radiation Equations and Approximations
12.5.3. Some Examples
13. Optical Detection
13.1. Photons
13.1.1. Photocurrent
13.1.2. Examples
13.2. Photon Statistics
13.2.1. Mean and Standard Deviation
13.2.2. Example
13.3. Detector Noise
13.3.1. Thermal Noise
13.3.2. Noise-Equivalent Power
13.3.3. Example
13.4. Photon Detectors
13.4.1. Photomultiplier
13.4.2. Semiconductor Photodiode
13.4.3. Detector Circuit
13.4.4. Typical Semiconductor Detectors
13.5. Thermal Detectors
13.5.1. Energy Detection Concept
13.5.2. Power Measurement
13.5.3. Thermal Detector Types
13.6. Array Detectors
13.6.1. Types of Arrays
13.6.2. Example
14. Nonlinear Optics
14.1. Some Non-Linear Processes
14.2. Wave Equations
14.3. Phase Matching
14.4. Nonlinear Processes
14.4.1. Energy-Level Diagrams
14.4.2. χ[2] Processes
14.4.3. χ[3] Processes
14.4.4. Nonparametric Processes: Multiphoton Fluorescence
14.4.5. Other Processes
14.5. Summary
15. Optical Breadboarding
15.1. Optics Research Laboratory
15.1.1. Location and Facilities
15.1.2. Tables
15.1.3. Support Equipment
15.1.4. Basic Equipment
15.2. Starting in an Existing Lab
15.3. Some Experiments
15.3.1. Basics: An Imaging System
15.3.2. Telescope
15.3.3. Spectroscopy
15.3.4. Polarization
15.3.5. Interferometry
15.4. Cleaning Optics
15.4.1. Preparation
15.4.2. Practice
15.4.3. The Real Test
15.5. Laser Safety
15.5.1. Wavelength Issues
15.5.2. Temporal Effects
15.5.3. Laser Classification
15.5.4. Protective Eyeware
15.5.5. Resources
Appendix
A. Notation and Drawings for Geometric Optics
A.1. Direction
A.2. Angles and the Plane of Incidence
A.3. Vertices
A.4. Notation Conventions
A.4.1. Curvature
A.5. Solid and Dashed Lines
A.6. Stops
B. Solid Angle
B.1. Solid Angle Defined
B.2. Integration over Solid Angle
C. Matrix Mathematics
C.1. Vectors and Matrices: Multiplication
C.2. Cascading Matrices
C.3. Adjoint
C.4. Inner and Outer Products
C.5. Determinant
C.6. Inverse
C.7. Unitary Matrices
C.8. Eigenvectors
D. Light Propagation in Biological Tissue
E. Useful Matrices
E.1. ABCD Matrices
E.2. Jones Matrices
F. Numerical Constants and Conversion Factors
F.1. Fundamental Constants and Useful Numbers
F.2. Conversion Factors
F.3. Wavelengths
F.4. Indices of Refraction
F.5. Multiplier Prefixes
F.6. Decibels
G. Solutions to Chapter Problems
G.1. Chapter 1
G.2. Chapter 2
G.3. Chapter 3
G.4. Chapter 4
G.5. Chapter 5
G.6. Chapter 6
G.7. Chapter 7
G.8. Chapter 8
G.9. Chapter 9
G.10. Chapter 10
G.11. Chapter 11
G.12. Chapter 12
Bibliography
Index