Optical Sensors: Basics and Applications

✍ Scribed by Jörg Haus

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 192
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Providing an overview of the necessary components and the range of applications from light-barriers to high-resolution surface-scanning interferometers, this is a valuable introduction to the technology of optical sensors as well as a reference for experienced practitioners. The first part of the book introduces readers to the basics of sensor principles by describing the most important components that can be found in all optical sensors. Based on this opto-electronic toolbox, the second part then goes on to give numerous examples of optical sensors with respect to their applications.

✦ Table of Contents

Optical Sensors......Page 2
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
References......Page 18
Part One: The Optical Sensor Construction Kit......Page 20
2.1 Important Properties of Light Sources......Page 22
2.2 Thermal Light Sources......Page 23
2.3 Line Sources......Page 27
2.4 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)......Page 29
2.5 Lasers......Page 33
3.1 Photomultipliers......Page 42
3.2 Photodiodes......Page 45
3.3 Other Detector Types......Page 46
3.4 Imaging Detectors......Page 48
3.5 Detector Noise......Page 50
4.1 Optical Materials......Page 52
4.2 Mirrors, Prisms and Lenses......Page 54
4.3 Dispersive Elements: Prisms and Gratings......Page 57
4.4 Optical Filters......Page 58
4.5 Polarizers......Page 59
4.6 Optical Fibers......Page 61
4.7 Modulators......Page 64
References......Page 68
Part Two: Optical Sensors and Their Applications......Page 70
5.1 The Compound Eyes of Insects......Page 72
5.2 Nature's Example: The Human Eye......Page 73
6.1.1 Light Barriers......Page 78
6.1.2 Rain Sensor......Page 80
6.2.1 Distance......Page 81
6.2.2 Displacement......Page 86
6.2.3 Velocity......Page 90
6.2.4 Angular Velocity......Page 98
6.3 Strain......Page 101
6.4 Temperature......Page 105
6.5 Species Determination and Concentration......Page 108
6.5.1 Spectrometry......Page 109
6.5.2 Polarimetry......Page 113
6.5.3 Ellipsometry......Page 117
6.5.4 Refractometry......Page 119
6.5.5 Particle Density and Particle Number......Page 121
6.5.6 Fluorescence Detection......Page 126
6.6 Surface Topography......Page 129
6.6.1 Chromatic Confocal Sensors......Page 130
6.6.2 Conoscopic Holography......Page 132
6.6.3 Multiwavelength Interferometry (MWLI)......Page 133
6.6.4 White-Light Interferometry......Page 134
6.6.5 Near-Field Optical Microscopy......Page 137
6.6.6 Contouring: Structured-Light Techniques......Page 138
6.6.7 Concepts: Cross-Correlation Analysis and 2D Fourier-Transform Techniques......Page 140
6.7.1 Laser Vibrometers......Page 142
6.7.2 Speckle-Pattern Interferometry......Page 144
6.7.3 Holographic Interferometry......Page 147
6.8 Wavefront Sensing and Adaptive Optics......Page 150
6.9 Determination of the Sun Angle......Page 153
6.10 Determination of Age......Page 155
References......Page 158
Part Three: Optics and Sensors at Work: A Laser-Spectroscopic Experiment......Page 162
7: The Measurement Problem......Page 164
8: The Physical Principles behind the Experiment......Page 166
9.1 The Single-Step Approach......Page 170
9.2 The Two-Step Approach......Page 173
References......Page 180
Summary......Page 182
Glossary......Page 184
Index......Page 188