Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals

✍ Scribed by Khurram Kazi

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2006
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 848
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals provides a single source reference of over a hundred standards and industry technical specifications for optical networks at all levels: from components to networking systems through global networks, as well as coverage of networks management and services. This book focuses on the recently approved, adopted and implemented standards that have fueled the development of versatile switches, routers and multi-service provisioning platforms. These networking elements have enabled the service-providers world-wide to offer flexible yet customized bundled-services based on IP, MPLS and Carrier-Grade Ethernet.

Lead implementers, contributors and editors of the new standards have come together to produce this uniform and complete reference. The list includes independent consultants, professionals, and researchers from such companies as AMCC, Agere Systems, British Telecom, Ciena Corporation, Cisco Systems, Lucent Technologies, Marconi, Nortel, PMC-Sierra, Strix Systems and Tellabs.

Highlights include recent advancements involving:

- Critical technical standards and implementation from ITU-T, IETF, MEF, and OIF

- Optimization of SONET/SDH and OTN infrastructure for data delivery, GFP, VCAT and LCAS

- IP, MPLS, Ethernet and Fibre Channel services over public networks

- Optical control plane for dynamically switched optical networks, ASON

- Network survivability and recovery

- Timing in global optical networks

- Architecture of optical transport networks

- Network element design using standardized components and inter-components communication

- Numerous illustrative examples showing actual situations or cases implemented

The volume has been edited by Dr. Khurram Kazi, a networking veteran with over 19 years of real-world expertise in architecting and designing ASICs and systems for SONET, IP, ATM, PDH and Ethernet networks. Dr. Kazi has published refereed articles and conference tutorials on topics ranging from optical components to ASICs and Optical Networks.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
Acknowledgements......Page 22
About the Authors/Contributing Authors......Page 23
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW......Page 33
1.1.1 Functional Modeling Specification Technique......Page 34
1.1.2 Multiservice Optical Transport Network Infrastructure......Page 35
1.1.3 Global Optical Transport Network Timing......Page 38
1.2.1 Ethernet Services Architecture and Definitions......Page 39
1.3. Control and Management of Optical Transport Networks......Page 42
1.4.1 Intra-Network Element Communication......Page 43
1.4.3 High-Speed Serial Interconnects......Page 44
1.5. Standards Development Process......Page 45
PART 1 Optical Transport Network Infrastructure......Page 46
2.1. Introduction......Page 47
2.2. Transport Functional Modeling......Page 48
2.3. Notes......Page 91
2.4. References......Page 92
3.1. Introduction......Page 93
3.2. OTN Standards......Page 94
3.3. Standardized Interfaces......Page 96
3.4. Forward Error Correction......Page 97
3.5. Tandem Connection Monitoring......Page 103
3.6. OTN Hierarchy Overview......Page 106
3.7. OTN G.709 Frame Structure......Page 109
3.8. G.709 Overhead Bytes: In-Depth Analysis and Processing......Page 111
3.9. OTUk Overhead and Processing......Page 128
3.10. ODUk Multiplexing......Page 134
3.11. References......Page 147
4.1. Introduction......Page 148
4.2. The Situation in the Previous Century......Page 149
4.3. The Evolution of the Bandwidth......Page 156
4.4. New Clients......Page 159
4.5. Virtual Concatenation......Page 160
4.6. Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)......Page 169
4.8. Implementers Guide for VCAT and LCAS......Page 173
4.9. References......Page 181
5.1. Introduction......Page 182
5.2. Background......Page 184
5.3. Formats and Procedures......Page 187
5.4. Implementation Considerations......Page 200
5.5. Performance......Page 203
5.6. Applications......Page 213
5.8. References......Page 216
6.1. The Field of Network Synchronization Engineering......Page 218
6.2. Background on Timing, Synchronization, and Jitter......Page 220
6.3. Roadmap of Current ITU-T Recommendations on Timing, and Jitter, For OTN, SDH, and PDH......Page 243
6.4. Timing and Jitter Requirements for SONET/SDH and OTN......Page 245
6.5. Reliable Distribution of Synchronization......Page 262
6.6. Conclusions and Closing Remarks......Page 279
6.7. Notes......Page 281
6.8. References......Page 283
7.1. Synchronization Concepts......Page 286
7.2. Timing Traceability......Page 290
7.3. Synchronization Distribution......Page 295
7.4. Network Element (NE) Architecture......Page 297
7.5. External Timing Configurations......Page 308
7.6. Clock Backup Modes and Implications......Page 315
7.7. Synchronization Guidelines......Page 321
7.8. Notes......Page 322
7.9. References......Page 323
8.2. Network Survivability Techniques......Page 324
8.3. Survivability Offered by Protection......Page 325
8.4. Survivability Offered by Restoration......Page 343
8.5. Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)......Page 346
8.6. Multilayer Survivability......Page 347
8.7. References......Page 348
PART 2 Services Offered over Transport Networks......Page 349
9.1. Metro Ethernet Demand and Requirements......Page 350
9.2. Metro Ethernet Forum Charter......Page 352
9.3. Metro Ethernet Network (MEN) Architecture......Page 353
9.4. References......Page 368
10.2. Services Model......Page 369
10.3. Service Features......Page 375
10.5. Appendix A: Ethernet Basics......Page 393
10.6. Notes......Page 397
10.7. References......Page 398
11.1. Introduction......Page 399
11.2. Service Types and Characteristics......Page 405
11.3. Transport Network Models In Support of Ethernet Connectivity Services......Page 418
11.4. Ethernet Client Interfaces......Page 427
11.5. Ethernet Transport Network To Network Interface (NNI)......Page 431
11.6. OAM......Page 437
11.7. Protection and Restoration......Page 445
11.8. Conclusion......Page 447
11.9. Notes......Page 448
11.10. References......Page 449
12.1. Virtual Private Networks......Page 451
12.2. L2VPNs over MPLS Backbone......Page 454
12.3. Metro Ethernet Services......Page 462
12.4. Metro Ethernet Services Over MPLS......Page 463
12.5. Importance of VPLS for Metro Ethernet Services......Page 475
12.6. Summary......Page 476
12.7. Appendix A: MPLS Basics......Page 477
12.8. References......Page 481
13.1. Metro Ethernet Circuit Emulation Services......Page 483
13.2. References......Page 522
14.1. Metro Ethernet Network Resiliency......Page 523
14.2. Metro Ethernet Traffic and Performance Management......Page 550
14.3. References......Page 552
15.1. Data Growth......Page 553
15.2. Storage Networking......Page 554
15.3. Storage Area Networks......Page 557
15.4. Distance Extension Requirements......Page 562
15.5. Distance Extension Alternatives......Page 564
15.6. SONET – An Ideal Distance Extension Protocol......Page 568
15.7. Summary......Page 573
15.8. References......Page 574
PART 3 Control and Management of Transport Networks......Page 575
16.1. Introduction......Page 576
16.2. Network Requirements (G.807)......Page 578
16.3. Architecture (G.8080)......Page 596
16.4. Signaling Communications Network Architecture (G.7712)......Page 620
16.5. Service Activation Process Elements......Page 628
16.6. Discovery (G.7714)......Page 629
16.7. Routing (G.7715 and G.7715.1)......Page 636
16.8. Signaling (G.7713)......Page 651
16.9. Control Plane Management......Page 658
16.10. Protocol Analysis......Page 662
16.11. Methods and Protocols — Discovery......Page 665
16.12. Methods and Protocols — Signaling......Page 668
16.13. Methods and Protocols — Routing......Page 676
16.14. Signaling Communications Network — Mechanisms (G.7712)......Page 677
16.15. Futures......Page 678
16.17. References......Page 680
PART 4 Intra-Network Elements and Component-Centric Standards......Page 684
17.1. Introduction......Page 685
17.2. Requirement Placed on the Network Elements by the Network......Page 686
17.3. Network Element Design and Interface Architecture......Page 688
17.4. 2.5 Gbits/s Systems......Page 692
17.5. 10 Gbits/s Systems......Page 696
17.7. 40 Gbits/s Systems......Page 705
17.9. References......Page 712
18.1. Introduction......Page 714
18.2. ITU Optical Interface Standards......Page 715
18.3. Optical Interface Implementations......Page 735
18.4. Considerations on Optical Fault and Degradation Detection......Page 752
18.5. Notes......Page 755
18.7. References......Page 756
19.1. Introduction......Page 758
19.2. High-Speed Interconnect System Architecture......Page 760
19.3. Compliance Test Methodology......Page 765
19.4. Interconnect Extension Using De-Emphasis and Equalization......Page 771
19.5. Standards-Based High-Speed Interconnect......Page 781
19.6. Higher and Higher Speeds......Page 785
19.9. References......Page 787
PART 5 Standards Development Process......Page 788
20.1. Introduction......Page 789
20.2. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)......Page 790
20.3. Technology-Specific Industry Forums......Page 798
20.4. Conclusion......Page 805
Index......Page 806
A......Page 807
C......Page 809
D......Page 813
E......Page 814
F......Page 818
G......Page 819
I......Page 821
L......Page 824
M......Page 826
N......Page 830
O......Page 831
P......Page 833
Q......Page 835
R......Page 836
S......Page 837
T......Page 844
U......Page 846
V......Page 847
Y......Page 848