Ophthalmology (Lecture Notes)

✍ Scribed by Bruce James, Anthony Bron, Manoj V. Parulekar

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2016
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 253
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Highly Commended in Internal medicine in the 2017 BMA Medical Book Awards

Highly illustrated, comprehensive, and accessible, Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is the ideal reference and revision guide to common eye problems and their diagnosis and management. Beginning with overviews of anatomy, history taking, and examination, it then covers a range of core ophthalmic conditions, including a new chapter on paediatric ophthalmology. The content has been thoroughly updated and includes:

• Over 200 diagrams and photographs
• A  range of core clinical cases in chapter 20 demonstrating the clinical context of key conditions
• Learning objectives and summary of key points in each chapter

Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is perfect for developing knowledge for clinical practice or revision in the run-up to examinations, and uses a systematic approach to provide medical students and junior doctors with all the tools they need to manage clinical situations. It is also useful for optometrists in training, helping them develop a sound understanding of clinical ophthalmology.  

✦ Table of Contents

Ophthalmology: Lecture Notes
Contents
Preface to Twelfth Edition
Preface to First Edition
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
About the Companion Website
1: Anatomy
Introduction
Surface Anatomy of the Face
Sensory Innervation of the Face: the Fifth Cranial Nerve
Gross Anatomy of the Eye
The Orbit
The Eyelids (The Tarsus)
The Lacrimal Drainage System
Detailed Functional Anatomy
The Tear Film
The Cornea
The Sclera
The Choroid
The Retina
The Vitreous
The Ciliary Body
The Iris
The Iridocorneal (Drainage) Angle
The Lens
The Optic Nerve
The Ocular Blood Supply
The Third, Fourth and Sixth Cranial Nerves
Central Origin
Peripheral Course
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
2: History, Symptoms and Examination
Introduction
General Ophthalmic History
Specific Ophthalmic History
Red Eye
Sudden Visual Loss
Gradual Visual Loss
Ocular Pain
Diplopia
Examination
Physiological Testing of the Eye
Visual Fields
Colour Vision
Pupillary Reactions
Eye Movements
Anatomical Examination of the Eye
Special Examination Techniques
Investigative Techniques
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
3: Clinical Optics
Introduction
Refractive Error (Ametropia)
Accommodation and Presbyopia
Optical Correction After Cataract Extraction
Contact Lenses
Spectacles
Low-Vision Aids
Refractive Surgery
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
4: The Orbit
Introduction
Clinical Features
Proptosis
Enophthalmos
Pain
Eyelid and Conjunctival Changes
Binocular Diplopia
Visual Acuity
Investigation of Orbital Disease
Differential Diagnosis of Orbital Disease
Disorders of the Extraocular Muscles
Infective Disorders
Inflammatory Disease
Vascular Abnormalities
Orbital Tumours
Dermoid Cysts
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
5: The Eyelids
Introduction
Abnormalities of Lid Position
Ptosis
Entropion
Ectropion
Inflammation of the Eyelids
Blepharitis
Benign Lid Lumps and Bumps
Chalazion
Molluscum Contagiosum
Cysts
Squamous Cell Papilloma
Xanthelasmas
Keratoacanthoma
Naevus (Mole)
Malignant Tumours
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Abnormalities of the Lashes
Trichiasis
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
6: The Lacrimal System
Introduction
Abnormalities in Tear Flow and Evaporation – Dry Eye
Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye
Evaporative Dry Eye – Inadequate Meibomian Oil Delivery
Evaporative Dry Eye – Malposition of the Globe or Lid Margins
Cicatricial Conjunctival Disorders
Disorders of Tear Drainage
Obstruction of Tear Drainage (Infantile)
Obstruction of Tear Drainage (Adult)
Infections of the Nasolacrimal System
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
7: Conjunctiva, Cornea and Sclera
Introduction
Symptoms
Signs
Conjunctiva
Inflammatory Diseases of the Conjunctiva
Conjunctival Degenerations
Cornea
Infective Corneal Lesions
Corneal Dystrophies
Disorders of Shape
Corneal Degenerations
Corneal Thinning
Corneal Grafting
Sclera
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
8: The Lens and Cataract
Introduction
Cataract
Definition and Causes
Symptoms
Signs
Investigation
Treatment
Congenital Cataract
Disorders of Lens Shape
Disorders of Lens Position (Ectopia Lentis)
Assessment Questions to Check Your Understanding
Answers
9: Uveitis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Specific Conditions Associated With Uveitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Reiter's Disease
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Related Uveitis
History
Fuchs' Heterochromic Uveitis
Toxoplasmosis
Behçet's and Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Diseases
AIDS and CMV Retinitis
Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
10: Glaucoma
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Classification
Pathogenesis
Primary (Chronic) Open-Angle Glaucoma
Closed-Angle Glaucoma
Secondary Glaucoma
Congenital Glaucoma
Chronic (Primary) Open-Angle Glaucoma
Epidemiology
Genetics
History
Examination
Treatment
Normal-Tension Glaucoma
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Epidemiology
History
Examination
Treatment
Secondary Glaucoma
Congenital Glaucoma
Prognosis of the Glaucomas
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
11: Retina and Choroid
Introduction
Symptoms of Retinal Disease
Macular Dysfunction
Peripheral Retinal Dysfunction
Acquired Macular Disease
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Macular Holes and Membranes
Central Serous Retinopathy
Macular Oedema
Toxic Maculopathies
Vitreous Floaters and Posterior Vitreous Detachment
Retinal Detachment
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Traction Retinal Detachment
Retinoschisis
Inherited Retinal and Photoreceptor Dystrophies
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Cone Dystrophy
Juvenile Macular Dystrophies
Albinism
Retinal Tumours
Retinoblastoma
Astrocytomas
Choroidal Lesions, Including Melanoma
Metastatic Tumours
Assessment Questions
Answers
12: Retinal Vascular Disease
Introduction
Signs of Retinal Vascular Disease
Leakage from the Microcirculation
Occlusion of the Microcirculation
Diabetic Retinopathy
Arterial Occlusion
Venous Occlusion
Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Sickle-Cell Retinopathy
Abnormal Retinal Blood Vessels
Abnormalities of the Blood
Assessment Questions
Answers
13: The Pupil and Its Responses
Introduction
Ocular Causes of Pupillary Abnormality
Neurological Causes of an Abnormal Pupil
Horner's Syndrome
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD)
Light-Near Dissociation
Adie's Tonic Pupil
Argyll Robertson Pupil
Midbrain Pupil
Other Causes of Pupillary Abnormality
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
14: Disorders of the Visual Pathway
Introduction
The Optic Nerve
The Swollen Optic Disc
Papilloedema Due to Raised Intracranial Pressure
Optic Neuritis
Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Optic Atrophy
The Chiasm
Optic Tract, Radiation and Visual Cortex
Assessment Questions
Answers
15: Eye Movements and their Disorders
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Non-Paralytic Squint
Binocular Single Vision
Aetiology of Non-Paralytic (Concomitant) Squint
Paralytic Squint
Isolated Nerve Palsy
Disease of the Extraocular Muscles
Dysthyroid Eye Disease (Grave's Disease)
Myasthenia Gravis
Ocular Myositis
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
Brown's Syndrome
Duane's Syndrome
Gaze Palsies
Lesions of the Parapontine Reticular Formation (PPRF)
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Parinaud's Syndrome (Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome)
Abnormal Oscillations of the Eyes
Nystagmus
Assessment Questions
Answers
16: Trauma
Introduction
History, Symptoms and Signs
Examination
Without a Slit Lamp
With a Slit Lamp
Treatment
Orbital Blow-Out Fracture
Lacerations to the Skin and Lids
Corneal Abrasions
UV Injury to the Cornea
Corneal Foreign Bodies
Corneal and Scleral Penetrating Trauma
Uveitis
Hyphaema
Retinal Damage
Chemical Injury
Prognosis
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
17: Tropical Ophthalmology: Eye Diseases in the Developing World
Introduction
Reasons for the Greater Prevalence of Blindness in the Developing World
Providing Eye Care in the Developing World
Major Causes of Blindness
Blindness in Childhood
Causes of Adult Blindness
Cataract
Tropical Diseases
Trachoma
Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
Vitamin A Deficiency (Xerophthalmia)
Measles
Corneal Infection, Ulceration and Scarring
HIV and AIDS
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Diabetic Retinopathy
Assessment Questions True or False
Answers
References
18: Eye Diseases in Children
Introduction
Developmental Anatomy and Embryology
Development of Vision/Visual Milestones
Delayed Visual Maturation (DVM)
History and Examination
Assessment of Visual Acuity
Testing the Visual Field
Testing Binocular Vision
External Examination
Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Refraction and the Role of the Optician/Optometrist (General Ophthalmic Services)
Fundus Examination
Summary of Ocular Disease Seen in Children
The Orbit
The Eyelids
The Lacrimal System
Conjunctiva, Cornea, Sclera
Cataract
Uveitis
Glaucoma
Retinal and Choroidal Disease
Prematurity and the Eye
The Visual Pathway
Eye Movement Disorders
Squint
Nystagmus
Trauma
Child Abuse
Assessment Questions True or False
19: Services for the Visually Handicapped
Visual Impairment
Key Facts
Definitions
The Causes of Visual Impairment
Effect of Vision Impairment on Motor Function, Social Interactions and Cognition
Colour Blindness – Impact on Learning and Choice of Career
Rehabilitation of an Individual with Vision Impairment
Living Skills
Schools for the Visually Impaired
Low Vision Aids
Guide Dogs
White Cane
Certification, Statement of Educational Needs
Useful Contacts and Agencies
20: Clinical Cases
Introduction
Clinical Cases
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
Case 8
Case 9
Case 10
Case 11
Case 12
Case 13
Case 14
Case 15
Case 16
Case 17
Case 18
Case 19
Case 20
Case 21
Case 22
Case 23
Case 24
Case 25
Useful References
Textbooks
Clinical Ophthalmology
Basic Science
Review Journals
Ophthalmic Journals
Websites
Organizations Producing Patient Information Literature
Appendix 1: Conversion Table for Representation of Visual Acuity
Appendix 2: Drugs Available for Ophthalmic Use
Treatment of Infection
Topical Antibiotics
Treatment of Chlymidial Infections
Treatment of Acanthamoeba Infections
Treatment of Viral Infections
Treatment of Fungal Infections
Treatment of Inflammation
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Preparations
Steroid Preparations
Mast Cell Stabilizers
Antihistamines
Mucolytics
Mydriatics and Cycloplegics
Antimuscarinics
Sympathomimetics
Ocular Hypotensives
Beta Receptor Antagonists
Prostaglandin Analogues
Sympathomimetics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Miotics
Local Anaesthetics
Ocular Lubricants
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors
Diagnostic Preparations
Index
EULA