Operational Amplifier: Theory and Experiments

✍ Scribed by Shrikrishna Yawale, Sangita Yawale

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 256
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book covers several aspects of the operational amplifier and includes theoretical explanations with simplified expressions and derivations. The book is designed to serve as a textbook for courses offered to undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled in electronics and communication engineering. The topics included are DC amplifier, AC/DC analysis of DC amplifier, relevant derivations, a block diagram of the operational amplifier, positive and negative feedbacks, amplitude modulator, current to voltage and voltage to current converters, DAC and ADC, integrator, differentiator, active filters, comparators, sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveform generators, phase lock loop (PLL), etc. This book contains two parts―sections A and B. Section A includes theory, methodology, circuit design and derivations. Section B explains the design and study of experiments for laboratory practice. Laboratory experiments enable students to perform a practical activity that demonstrates applications of the operational amplifier. A simplified description of the circuits, working principle and practical approach towards understanding the concept is a unique feature of this book. Simple methods and easy steps of the derivation and lucid presentation are some other traits of this book for readers that do not have any background information about electronics. This book is student-centric towards the basics of the operational amplifier and its applications. The detailed coverage and pedagogical tools make this an ideal textbook for students and researchers enrolled in senior undergraduate and beginning postgraduate electronics and communication engineering courses.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Prologue
Contents
About the Authors
1 Differential Amplifier
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of Differential Amplifier
1.3 DC Analysis
1.4 AC Analysis
1.5 Constant Current Source or Current Bias
1.6 DC Level Shifter
1.7 Output Stage
1.8 Block Diagram of Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
1.9 The Single-Stage Architecture Op-Amp
1.10 Electrical Characteristics of an Ideal Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
1.11 Equivalent Circuit of an Ideal Op-Amp
2 Feedback in Amplifiers
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Negative Feedback
2.1.2 Positive Feedback
2.2 Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifier
2.3 Non-inverting Amplifier (Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier)
2.3.1 Closed Loop Voltage Gain
2.3.2 Input Impedance
2.3.3 Output Impedance
2.3.4 Frequency Response
2.3.5 Total Output Offset Voltage (VOT)
2.4 Voltage Follower or Unity Gain Buffer
2.4.1 Voltage Gain (Af)
2.4.2 Input Impedance (Zif)
2.4.3 Output Impedance (Zof)
2.4.4 Bandwidth or Frequency Response (ff)
2.4.5 Total Output Offset Voltage (VOT)
2.5 Inverting Amplifier (Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier)
2.5.1 Closed Loop Voltage Gain
2.5.2 Virtual Ground
2.5.3 Input Impedance (Zif)
2.5.4 Output Impedance (Zof)
2.5.5 Frequency Response
2.5.6 Total Output Offset Voltage (VOT)
2.6 Sign Changer or Inverter
3 Parameters of Operational Amplifier and Instrumentation Amplifier
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Parameters of Op-Amp
3.2.1 Input Bias Current
3.2.2 Input Offset Current
3.2.3 Input Offset Voltage
3.2.4 Open Loop Gain
3.2.5 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
3.2.6 Differential Input Resistance (Ri)
3.2.7 Input Capacitance (Ci)
3.2.8 Offset Voltage Adjustment
3.2.9 Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio (SVRR)
3.2.10 Output Resistance R0
3.2.11 Slew Rate (SR)
3.2.12 Frequency Response
3.3 Open-Loop Voltage Gain as a Function of Frequency
3.4 Instrumentation System
3.4.1 Analog Instrumentation System
3.4.2 Digital Instrumentation System
3.4.3 Biomedical Instrumentation System
3.5 DC and AC Amplifiers
3.5.1 DC Amplifier
3.5.2 AC Amplifier
3.5.3 AC Amplifier with a Signal Supply Voltage
3.6 Bridge Amplifier with Single Op-Amp
3.7 Instrumentation Amplifier
4 Linear Circuits
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Current-to-Voltage Converter
4.3 Voltage-to-Current Converter
4.3.1 Floating Load Voltage-to-Current Converter
4.3.2 Grounded Load Voltage-to-Current Converter
4.4 Voltage and Current Measurements
4.4.1 DC Voltage Measurement
4.4.2 DC Current Measurement
4.5 Summing, Scaling and Averaging Amplifier
4.6 Subtraction Circuit
4.7 Integrator Circuit
4.8 Differentiator Circuit
4.9 Analog Computation
4.9.1 Solution to the Simultaneous Equations
4.9.2 Differential Equations
4.10 Digital-to-Analog (D/A) and Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converters
4.10.1 Introduction
4.10.2 Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Converter
4.10.3 (a) Binary Weighted Resistors Type
4.10.4 (B) Binary Ladder or R-2R Type Converter
4.10.5 Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converters
4.10.6 (a) Counter-Type A/D Converter
4.10.7 (b) Tracking or Servo Type
4.10.8 (c) Successive Approximation A/D Converter
4.11 Applications
5 Nonlinear Circuits
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Precision Rectifiers
5.2.1 Half Wave Precision Rectifier
5.2.2 Full Wave Precision Rectifier
5.3 Peak Detector
5.4 Logarithmic Amplifier
5.5 Antilog or Exponential Amplifier
5.6 Logarithmic Multiplier
5.7 Amplitude Modulator (AM)
5.7.1 Sample and Hold Circuit
6 Waveform Generators and Comparators
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Frequency Stability
6.3 Classification of Oscillators
6.3.1 The Sinusoidal Oscillators
6.3.1.1 (a) Phase Shift Oscillator
6.3.1.2 (b) Wien Bridge Oscillator
6.3.1.3 (C) LC Tunable Oscillator (Colpitts Oscillator)
6.3.1.4 (d) Hartley Oscillator
6.3.2 Non-sinusoidal Oscillators
6.3.2.1 (a) Astable Multivibrator
6.3.2.2 (b) Monostable Multivibrator
6.4 Comparators
6.4.1 Schmitt Trigger
6.5 Waveform Generators
7 Active Filter Circuits and Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Active Filters
7.2.1 First-Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter
7.2.2 Second-Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter
7.2.3 Fist-Order High Pass Butterworth Filter
7.2.4 Second-Order High Pass Butterworth Filter
7.2.5 Band Pass Filter
7.3 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
7.3.1 The Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)
7.3.2 Phase Detector
7.3.3 Low Pass Filter
7.4 Applications of PLL
7.4.1 Frequency Multiplier
7.4.2 Frequency Translation
8 Frequency-Dependent Negative Resistance and Gyrator
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Theory of Gyrator
8.3 Working of Gyrator
8.4 Advantages of Gyrator
8.5 Disadvantages of Gyrator
8.6 Simulation of Air-Core Inductors
8.7 Frequency-Dependent Negative Resistance (FDNR) or D-element
9 Noise in Operational Amplifier
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Types of Noise
9.3 Classification of Noise
9.3.1 External or Interference Noise
9.3.2 Internal or Inherent Noise
9.3.2.1 Schottky Noise
9.3.2.2 Flicker Noise or (1/f) Noise
9.3.2.3 Popcorn or Burst Noise
9.3.2.4 Avalanche Noise
9.4 Noise Contribution in Operational Amplifier
9.4.1 Noise Model of Resistor
9.4.2 Noise Generated by the Capacitor
9.4.3 Operational Amplifier Noise Model
9.4.3.1 Noise Analysis in Inverting Mode
9.4.3.2 Noise Analysis in Non-Inverting Mode Op-Amp
9.5 Noise Figure
Appendix I: Experiments
Appendix II: Pin Configuration of ICs
Appendix III
References
Subject Index