Cover Page
......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
Important Notice......Page 3
Dedication......Page 5
Foreword......Page 6
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 8
The Solution......Page 9
The Birth of the Op Amp......Page 10
The Vacuum Tube Era......Page 11
The IC Era......Page 12
Reference......Page 14
Introduction......Page 15
Laws of Physics......Page 16
Voltage Divider Rule......Page 17
Case 1. VOUT = mVIN + b
......Page 18
Thevenin's Theorem......Page 19
Superposition......Page 23
Calculation of a Saturated Transistor Circuit......Page 25
Transistor Amplifier......Page 26
Ideal Op Amp Assumptions......Page 29
The Noninverting Op Amp......Page 31
Disadvantages......Page 276
The Adder......Page 33
The Differential Amplifier......Page 34
Complex Feedback Networks......Page 36
ADC Characterization......Page 249
Capacitors......Page 39
Why an Ideal Op Amp Would Destroy the Known Universe......Page 40
Summary......Page 42
Single Supply versus Dual Supply......Page 43
Circuit Analysis......Page 46
The Resistor Ladder DAC......Page 315
Output Voltage Swing......Page 57
Case 3. VOUT = -mVIN + b
......Page 60
Case 4. VOUT = -mVIN - b
......Page 63
Summary......Page 66
Introduction......Page 68
Noninverting Attenuation with Positive Offset......Page 69
Inverting Attenuation with Zero Offset......Page 70
Inverting Attenuation with Negative Offset......Page 71
Differential Large Signal Voltage Amplification Parameter, AVD......Page 72
Why Study Feedback Theory?......Page 73
Block Diagram Math and Manipulations......Page 74
Feedback Equation and Stability......Page 78
Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits......Page 80
Loop Gain Plots Are the Key to Understanding Stability......Page 86
The Second Order Equation and Ringing/Overshoot Predictions......Page 89
References......Page 91
Introduction......Page 92
Review of the Canonical Equations......Page 94
Signal to Noise Ratio......Page 508
Inverting Op Amps......Page 98
Differential Op Amps......Page 100
Introduction......Page 102
CFA Model......Page 103
High Pass Filter......Page 440
Dominant Pole Compensation......Page 110
Gain Compensation......Page 113
Shutdown and Low Current Drain......Page 115
Compensated Attenuator Applied to Op Amp......Page 118
Lead/Lag Compensation......Page 121
Comparison of Compensation Schemes......Page 123
Inverting Integrator with Resistive Reset......Page 555
Introduction......Page 125
The Noninverting CFA......Page 128
The Inverting CFA......Page 130
Stability Analysis......Page 131
Selection of the Feedback Resistor......Page 134
Stability and Input Capacitance......Page 137
Stability and Feedback Capacitance......Page 138
Compensation of CF and CG......Page 139
Summary......Page 140
Introduction......Page 141
Precision......Page 142
Bandwidth......Page 144
Stability......Page 147
Impedance......Page 148
Testing the Result......Page 595
What Does Fully Differential Mean?......Page 151
How Is the Second Output Used?......Page 152
Differential Gain Stages......Page 153
Single Ended to Differential Conversion......Page 154
Working with Terminated Inputs......Page 155
Conceptualizing the VOCM Input......Page 157
Shot Noise......Page 159
Filter Circuits......Page 160
Single Pole Filters......Page 161
Multiple Feedback Filters......Page 162
Biquad Filter......Page 165
rms versus P-P Noise......Page 166
Noise Floor......Page 168
Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on the Oscillator......Page 344
Noise Units......Page 169
Types of Noise......Page 170
Thermal Noise......Page 173
Flicker Noise......Page 175
Avalanche Noise......Page 176
Differential Integrator......Page 177
Pink Noise......Page 178
The Noise Corner Frequency and Total Noise......Page 179
The Corner Frequency......Page 180
The Op Amp Circuit Noise Model......Page 182
Inverting Op Amp Circuit Noise......Page 183
Differential Op Amp Circuit Noise Model......Page 185
Putting it all Together......Page 186
Reference......Page 191
Introduction......Page 192
Temperature Coefficient of the Input Offset Current, alphaIIO
......Page 195
The Comparator
......Page 196
Transducer Characterization......Page 247
Large Signal Voltage Amplification Gain Condition, AV......Page 198
Maximum Output Swing Bandwidth Parameter, BOM......Page 199
Input Capacitance Parameter, CI......Page 200
Load Capacitance Condition, CL......Page 201
Common Mode Rejection Ratio Parameter, CMRR or kCMR......Page 202
Op Amp Gain Bandwidth Product Parameter, GBW......Page 203
Input Bias Current Parameter, IIB......Page 204
Input Noise Current Parameter, In......Page 205
Short Circuit Output Current Parameter, IOS or ISC......Page 206
Power Supply Rejection Ratio Parameter, PSRR......Page 207
Junction to Ambient Thermal Resistance Parameter, thetaJA......Page 208
Junction to Case Thermal Resistance Parameter, thetaJC......Page 210
Input Resistance Parameter, ri......Page 211
Load Resistance Condition, RL......Page 212
Op Amp Slew Rate Parameter, SR......Page 213
Operating Free Air Temperature Condition, TA......Page 215
Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise Parameter, THD + N......Page 216
Settling Time Parameter, ts......Page 219
Supply Voltage Condition, VCC or VDD......Page 220
Common Mode Input Voltage Range Parameter, VICR......Page 221
Differential Input Voltage Range Parameter, VDIR......Page 222
Input Offset Voltage Parameter, VIO or VOS......Page 223
Broadband Noise Parameter (VN(PP))......Page 225
Maximum Peak to Peak Output Voltage Swing Parameter, VOMยฑ......Page 226
Output Impedance Parameter, Zo......Page 228
Bandwidth for 0.1 dB Flatness......Page 230
Duration of Short Circuit Current......Page 231
Lead Temperature for 10 or 60 Seconds......Page 232
Instrumentation: Sensors to A/D Converters......Page 233
Transducer Types......Page 239
Design Procedure......Page 245
Reference Voltage Characterization......Page 246
Op Amp Selection......Page 250
Amplifier Circuit Design......Page 251
Comparison of Op Amps......Page 525
Reference......Page 259
Interfacing an Op Amp to an Analog to Digital Converter......Page 260
Introduction......Page 450
System Information......Page 261
Analog to Digital Converter Characteristics......Page 264
Architectural Decisions......Page 266
Wireless Systems......Page 271
Factors Influencing the Choice of Op Amps......Page 281
Antialiasing Filters......Page 283
Communication D/A Converter Reconstruction Filter......Page 284
External VREF Circuits for ADCs/DACs......Page 287
High Speed Analog Input Drive Circuits......Page 290
References......Page 293
Introduction......Page 294
High Speed, Low Pass Filters......Page 295
Bessel Low Pass Filters......Page 370
Scattering Parameters......Page 301
Band Reject Filter......Page 448
Return Loss......Page 303
Forward Transmission S21......Page 304
1 MHz Results......Page 306
-1 dB Compression Point......Page 308
Two Tone, Third Order Intermodulation Intercept......Page 309
Noise Figure......Page 311
Conclusions......Page 313
Introduction......Page 314
Input Common Mode Range......Page 509
The Weighted Resistor DAC......Page 316
The R/2R DAC......Page 317
Current Feedback Amplifier: Capacitor in the Feedback Loop......Page 319
Accuracy versus Resolution......Page 320
DC Application Error Budget......Page 321
AC Application Error Budget......Page 323
Multiple Feedback Topology......Page 382
Dynamic Range......Page 324
Offset Error......Page 325
Gain Error......Page 326
Sallen-Key Topology......Page 327
Integral Nonlinearity Error......Page 328
SINAD......Page 329
Spurious Free Dynamic Range......Page 330
Settling Time......Page 331
Compensating for DAC Capacitance......Page 333
Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier Current and Voltage......Page 334
Current Boosters......Page 335
Voltage Boosters......Page 336
Single Supply Operation and DC Offsets......Page 338
What Is a Sine Wave Oscillator?......Page 340
Requirements for Oscillation......Page 341
Noise Sources......Page 470
Analysis of the Oscillator Operation (Circuit)......Page 347
Gain of 0.5......Page 596
Wien Bridge Oscillator......Page 349
Phase Shift Oscillator, Single Amplifier......Page 355
Phase Shift Oscillator, Buffered......Page 356
Bubba Oscillator......Page 358
Quadrature scillator
......Page 359
Conclusion......Page 361
References......Page 362
Introduction......Page 363
Fundamentals of Low Pass Filters......Page 364
Butterworth Low Pass Filters......Page 369
Quality Factor Q......Page 372
Low Pass Filter Design......Page 374
First Order Low Pass Filter......Page 375
Example 20.1. First Order Unity Gain Low Pass Filter......Page 377
Noninverting Integrator Approximation......Page 378
Example 20.2. Second Order Unity Gain Tschebyscheff Low Pass Filter......Page 380
Inverting Differentiator......Page 560
Example 20.3. Fifth Order Filter......Page 383
High Pass Filter Design......Page 386
First Order High Pass Filter......Page 388
Second Order High Pass Filter......Page 389
Multiple Feedback Topology......Page 391
Example 20.4. Third Order High Pass Filter with fC = 1 kHz......Page 392
Bandpass Filter Design......Page 394
Second Order Bandpass Filter......Page 395
Sallen-Key Topology......Page 396
Multiple Feedback Topology......Page 398
Fourth Order Bandpass Filter (Staggered Tuning)......Page 399
Example 20.6. Fourth Order Butterworth Bandpass Filter......Page 402
Band Rejection Filter Design......Page 405
Active Twin T Filter......Page 407
Active Wien-Robinson Filter......Page 409
All Pass Filter Design......Page 410
First Order All Pass Filter......Page 413
Second Order All Pass Filter......Page 414
Example 20.7. All Pass Filter with a 2 ms Delay......Page 416
Filter Circuit Biasing......Page 417
Capacitor Selection......Page 420
Op Amp Selection......Page 423
Filter Coefficient Tables......Page 426
References......Page 436
Picking the Response......Page 437
Narrow (Single Frequency) Bandpass Filter......Page 441
Wide Bandpass Filter......Page 444
Notch (Single Frequency Rejection) Filter......Page 445
Summary of Filter Characteristics......Page 449
High Speed Bandpass Filters......Page 451
Materials: Choosing the Right One for the Application......Page 471
Modified Deliyannis versus MFB......Page 454
Lab Results......Page 456
High Speed Notch Filter......Page 459
Simulations......Page 460
Lab Results......Page 463
100 kHz Results......Page 464
10 kHz Results......Page 466
Conclusions......Page 468
The PCB Is a Component of the Op Amp Design......Page 469
Single Sided......Page 473
Multilayer......Page 474
Board Stack-Up: The Order of Layers......Page 475
Other Ground Rules......Page 476
A Good Example......Page 479
The Frequency Characteristics of Passive Components......Page 480
Capacitors......Page 481
Inductors......Page 483
Trace Antennas......Page 484
Trace Reflections......Page 486
Trace to Plane Capacitors......Page 487
Trace to Trace Capacitors and Inductors......Page 489
Inductive Vias......Page 490
Digital Circuitry: A Major Problem for Analog Circuitry......Page 491
Choosing the Right Capacitor......Page 492
Decoupling at the Board Level......Page 494
Packages......Page 495
Through Hole Considerations......Page 498
Unused Sections......Page 499
Components......Page 500
Bypassing......Page 501
References......Page 502
Introduction......Page 503
Dynamic Range......Page 505
Transducer to ADC Analog Interface......Page 517
DAC to Actuator Analog Interface......Page 520
Summary......Page 527
Op Amp Operated at Less than Unity (or Specified) Gain......Page 529
Op Amp Used as a Comparator......Page 531
The Op Amp......Page 533
Improper Termination of Unused Sections......Page 534
DC Gain......Page 536
Current Source......Page 537
Current Feedback Amplifier: Shorted Feedback Resistor......Page 538
Noninverting Integrator with Inverting Buffer......Page 556
Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect DC Operating Point......Page 541
Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect Common Mode Range......Page 542
The Number 1 Design Mistake......Page 545
Introduction......Page 547
Simplified Instrumentation Amplifier......Page 548
T Network in the Feedback Loop......Page 549
Inverting Integrator......Page 550
Inverting Integrator with Input Current Compensation......Page 551
Inverting Integrator with Mechanical Reset......Page 553
Inverting Integrator with Electronic Reset......Page 554
Double Integrator......Page 558
AC Integrator......Page 559
Inverting Differentiator with Noise Filter......Page 561
Basic Wien Bridge Oscillator......Page 562
Wien Bridge Oscillator with Nonlinear Feedback......Page 563
Wien Bridge Oscillator with AGC......Page 564
Quadrature Oscillator......Page 565
Classical Phase Shift Oscillator......Page 566
Buffered Phase Shift Oscillator......Page 567
Bubba Oscillator......Page 568
Triangle Oscillator......Page 569
Attenuation......Page 570
Simulated Inductor......Page 572
Twin T Single Op Amp Bandpass and Notch Filters......Page 574
Constant Current Generator......Page 576
Inverted Voltage Reference......Page 577
Power Booster......Page 578
Peak Follower......Page 579
Precision Rectifier......Page 580
Full Wave Rectifier......Page 581
Tone Control......Page 582
Curve Fitting Filters......Page 584
References......Page 587
Terminating Differential Amplifiers......Page 588
Terminating a Differential Amplifier......Page 590
Inverting Side......Page 592
Noninverting Side......Page 593
Gain of 1......Page 597
B......Page 599
C......Page 600
D......Page 601
F......Page 602
I......Page 603
N......Page 604
P......Page 605
S......Page 606
T......Page 607
V......Page 608
Z......Page 609