Contents
1: Emergency in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
1.1 Airway Obstruction
1: Emergency in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
1.1 Airway Obstruction
1.1.1 Intubation Management
1.1.2 Surgical Management
1: Emergency in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
1.2 Bleeding Management
1.2.1 Epistaxis Management
1: Emergency in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
1.2 Bleeding Management
1.2.2 Upper Aerodigestive Bleeding
1: Emergency in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
1.2 Bleeding Management
1.2.3 Neck Bleeding Management
1: Emergency in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
1.3 Tracheoinnominate Fistula
1: Emergency in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
1.4 Infectious Emergencies
1: Emergency in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
References
2: Adrenal Emergencies in the Acute Care Setting
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Adrenal Hemorrhage
2: Adrenal Emergencies in the Acute Care Setting
2.3 Pheochromocytoma
2: Adrenal Emergencies in the Acute Care Setting
2.4 Hypercortisolism
2: Adrenal Emergencies in the Acute Care Setting
2.5 Adrenal Crisis (Acute Adrenal Insufficiency)
2: Adrenal Emergencies in the Acute Care Setting
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Thoracic Emergencies
3.1 Introduction
3: Thoracic Emergencies
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Airway Obstruction
3: Thoracic Emergencies
3.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
3: Thoracic Emergencies
3.1 Introduction
3.1.3 Endoluminal Bleeding
3.1.4 Pneumonia and Lung Abscess
3: Thoracic Emergencies
3.1 Introduction
3.1.5 Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
3.1.6 Neoplastic Pleural Effusions with Trapped Lung
3: Thoracic Emergencies
3.2 Conclusion
References
4: Oncological Emergencies: Esophageal Cancer
4.1 Introduction
4: Oncological Emergencies: Esophageal Cancer
4.2 Esophageal Obstruction
4.2.1 Endoscopic Management
4: Oncological Emergencies: Esophageal Cancer
4.2 Esophageal Obstruction
4.2.2 Alternative Techniques
4.2.3 Surgery
4.2.4 Endoluminal Brachytherapy
4: Oncological Emergencies: Esophageal Cancer
4.2 Esophageal Obstruction
4.2.5 Photodynamic Therapy
4.2.6 Laser Therapy
4.2.7 Other Techniques
4.3 Esophageal Perforation
4: Oncological Emergencies: Esophageal Cancer
4.3 Esophageal Perforation
4.3.1 Conservative Management
4.3.2 Surgical Management
4: Oncological Emergencies: Esophageal Cancer
4.4 Bleeding
4.4.1 Minor Bleeding
4: Oncological Emergencies: Esophageal Cancer
4.4 Bleeding
4.4.2 Massive Hemorrhage
4.5 Airway Invasion
4: Oncological Emergencies: Esophageal Cancer
4.6 Conclusion
4: Oncological Emergencies: Esophageal Cancer
References
5: Stomach
5.1 Gastric Cancer
5: Stomach
5.1 Gastric Cancer
5.1.1 Anatomic Classification of Gastric Cancer
5.1.2 Gastric Cancer: Diagnosis and Additional Evaluation in the Non-emergent Setting
5.2 Gastric Oncologic Emergencies
5: Stomach
5.3 Perforated Gastric Cancer
5.3.1 Management of Perforated Gastric Cancer
5: Stomach
5.3 Perforated Gastric Cancer
5.3.2 Graham Patch Repair
5: Stomach
5.3 Perforated Gastric Cancer
5.3.3 Wedge Resection
5.3.4 Partial Gastric Resection
5: Stomach
5.3 Perforated Gastric Cancer
5.3.5 Radical Gastrectomy with Lymph Node Dissection
5.3.6 Laparoscopic vs. Open Repair
5: Stomach
5.4 Gastrointestinal Bleeding
5: Stomach
5.5 Gastric Outlet Obstruction
5: Stomach
5.6 Palliative Surgery for Gastric Oncologic Emergencies
5: Stomach
References
6: Duodenum
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Neoplasms of the Duodenum
6.2.1 Primary Duodenal Malignancies
6: Duodenum
6.2 Neoplasms of the Duodenum
6.2.1 Primary Duodenal Malignancies
6.2.1.1 Adenocarcinoma
6.2.1.2 Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
6.2.1.3 Lymphomas
6: Duodenum
6.2 Neoplasms of the Duodenum
6.2.1 Primary Duodenal Malignancies
6.2.1.4 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)
6.2.2 Benign Duodenal Neoplasms
6: Duodenum
6.2 Neoplasms of the Duodenum
6.2.3 Extension of a Pancreatic Malignancy
6: Duodenum
6.2 Neoplasms of the Duodenum
6.2.4 Metastatic Disease to the Duodenum
6.3 Surgical Emergencies
6.3.1 Intestinal Obstruction
6.3.1.1 Presentation
6.3.1.2 Physical Exam and Laboratory Findings
6.3.1.3 Imaging
6: Duodenum
6.3 Surgical Emergencies
6.3.1 Intestinal Obstruction
6.3.1.4 Management
6: Duodenum
6.3 Surgical Emergencies
6.3.2 Duodenal Perforation
6.3.2.1 Presentation
6.3.2.2 Physical Exam and Laboratory Findings
6: Duodenum
6.3 Surgical Emergencies
6.3.2 Duodenal Perforation
6.3.2.3 Imaging
6.3.2.4 Management
6: Duodenum
6.3 Surgical Emergencies
6.3.3 Duodenal Bleeding
6.3.3.1 Presentation
6.3.3.2 Physical Exam and Laboratory Findings
6: Duodenum
6.3 Surgical Emergencies
6.3.3 Duodenal Bleeding
6.3.3.3 Imaging
6.3.3.4 Management
6: Duodenum
6.4 Special Considerations
6.4.1 Metastatic Disease
6.5 Anatomic Considerations
6.5.1 Involvement of the Ampulla
6: Duodenum
6.5 Anatomic Considerations
6.5.2 Enteric Access
6: Duodenum
6.5 Anatomic Considerations
6.5.3 Goals of Care
6.6 Conclusion
References
7: Emergency Presentation of Small Bowel Tumours
7.1 Aetiology
7: Emergency Presentation of Small Bowel Tumours
7.2 Emergency Presentation
7: Emergency Presentation of Small Bowel Tumours
7.3 Initial Management and Diagnosis
7.3.1 Radiology
7: Emergency Presentation of Small Bowel Tumours
7.3 Initial Management and Diagnosis
7.3.2 Endoscopy
7: Emergency Presentation of Small Bowel Tumours
7.4 Operative Approach
7: Emergency Presentation of Small Bowel Tumours
7.5 Post-operative Outcomes and Complications
7: Emergency Presentation of Small Bowel Tumours
7.6 Post-operative Prognosis and Management
7: Emergency Presentation of Small Bowel Tumours
7.7 Conclusion
7: Emergency Presentation of Small Bowel Tumours
References
8: Right Colon
8: Right Colon
8.1 Obstructive Right Colon Cancer (ORCC)
8: Right Colon
8.2 Perforated Right Colon Cancer
8: Right Colon
8.3 Hemorrhagic Right Colon Cancer
References
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.1 Introduction
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.2 Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnosis
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.3 Classification and Staging
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.4 Grading
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.5 Staging (WHO Classification of Digestive Tumor—Fifth Edition)
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.6 NETs
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.7 Anatomy and Imaging Features of Each Subtype
9.8 Imaging Features of Epithelial Neoplasm
9.8.1 Colonic Type/Non-mucinous
9.8.2 Mucinous Type
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.8 Imaging Features of Epithelial Neoplasm
9.8.3 Neuroendocrine Tumors
9.8.4 Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.8 Imaging Features of Epithelial Neoplasm
9.8.5 Lymphoma
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.9 Treatment
9.9.1 Adenocarcinomas
9.9.2 Goblet Cell Adenocarcinomas
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.9 Treatment
9.9.3 Neuroendocrine Tumors
9: Appendiceal Tumors
9.9 Treatment
9.9.4 Mucinous Tumors
References
10: Left Colon
10.1 Introduction
10: Left Colon
10.2 Left Colon Obstruction
10: Left Colon
10.3 Management of Obstruction of the Left Colon
10: Left Colon
10.4 Loop Colostomies
10.5 Hartmann Procedure
10: Left Colon
10.6 Single-Stage Primary Resection and Anastomosis
10: Left Colon
10.7 Total Abdominal Colectomy
10.8 Self-Expanding Stents
10: Left Colon
10.9 Perforation
10.10 Free Perforation
10: Left Colon
10.11 Abscess
10.12 Bleeding
10: Left Colon
10.13 Minimally Invasive Surgery
10.14 Outcomes
10: Left Colon
10.15 Conclusion
References
11: Rectum
11.1 Introduction
11: Rectum
11.2 Obstruction
11.2.1 Clinical Presentation
11.2.2 Workup
11: Rectum
11.2 Obstruction
11.2.3 Treatment
11: Rectum
11.2 Obstruction
11.2.4 Creation of a Diverting Ostomy
11.2.5 Endoscopic Stent Placement
11: Rectum
11.2 Obstruction
11.2.6 Palliative Care
11: Rectum
11.3 Perforation
11.3.1 Clinical Presentation and Workup
11.3.2 Intraperitoneal Perforation
11: Rectum
11.3 Perforation
11.3.3 Extraperitoneal Perforation
11.3.4 Treatment
11.3.5 Intraperitoneal Perforation
11: Rectum
11.3 Perforation
11.3.6 Extraperitoneal Perforation
11.4 Bleeding
11.4.1 Clinical Presentation
11: Rectum
11.4 Bleeding
11.4.2 Workup
11: Rectum
11.4 Bleeding
11.4.3 Treatment
11: Rectum
11.4 Bleeding
11.4.4 Local Interventions
11: Rectum
11.4 Bleeding
11.4.5 Endoscopic Therapies
11: Rectum
11.4 Bleeding
11.4.6 Interventional Radiology Therapies
11.4.7 Radiation Therapy
11: Rectum
11.4 Bleeding
11.4.8 Surgical Resection
11.4.9 Experimental Therapies
11.5 Outcomes of Emergency Surgery
11: Rectum
11.6 Oncologic Considerations
11.6.1 Perforation
11.6.2 Bleeding
11.6.3 Wound Healing Complications and Timing of Restarting Systemic Therapies
11: Rectum
11.7 Conclusion
References
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.1 Introduction
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.2 Anatomy and Physiology
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.3 Surgical Principles of Emergent Liver Surgery
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.3 Surgical Principles of Emergent Liver Surgery
12.3.1 Hemorrhage Control
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.3 Surgical Principles of Emergent Liver Surgery
12.3.2 Infection Control
12.3.3 Oncologic Surgical Emergencies in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.4 Tumor-Related Emergencies
12.4.1 Primary Tumor
12.4.1.1 Hemorrhage
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.4 Tumor-Related Emergencies
12.4.1 Primary Tumor
12.4.1.2 Thrombosis
12.4.1.3 Necrosis/Abscess
12.4.1.4 Cholestasis
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.4 Tumor-Related Emergencies
12.4.2 Metastatic Tumor
12.5 Treatment-Related Emergencies
12.5.1 Surgical Intervention-Related Emergencies
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.5 Treatment-Related Emergencies
12.5.1 Surgical Intervention-Related Emergencies
12.5.1.1 Hemorrhage
12.5.1.2 Cholangitis
12.5.1.3 Acute Liver Failure
12.5.1.4 Thrombosis
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.5 Treatment-Related Emergencies
12.5.2 Locoregional Intervention-Related Emergencies
12.5.3 Chemotherapy-Related Emergencies
12.5.3.1 Systemic Anticancer Therapy-Related Liver Emergencies
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.5 Treatment-Related Emergencies
12.5.3 Chemotherapy-Related Emergencies
12.5.3.2 Systemic Anticancer Therapy-Related Biliary Emergencies
12: Liver Oncologic Surgical Emergencies
12.6 Conclusions
References
13: Pancreas
13.1 Oncologic Surgical Emergencies: Pancreatic Neoplasms
13: Pancreas
13.2 Pancreatitis
13.3 Jaundice
13: Pancreas
13.4 Occlusion
13.5 Perforation
References
14: Biliary Tract
14.1 Introduction
14: Biliary Tract
14.2 Anatomy
14: Biliary Tract
14.3 Risk Factors
14: Biliary Tract
14.4 Clinical Presentation
14: Biliary Tract
14.5 Diagnostic Laboratory Studies
14.5.1 Basic Labs
14.5.2 Tumor Markers for Cholangiocarcinoma
14.5.2.1 Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)
14.5.2.2 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
14: Biliary Tract
14.5 Diagnostic Laboratory Studies
14.5.2 Tumor Markers for Cholangiocarcinoma
14.5.2.3 Alpha Fetoprotein
14.6 Diagnostic Imaging
14.7 Ultrasound
14: Biliary Tract
14.8 Computed Tomography
14: Biliary Tract
14.9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
14.10 Endoscopic Ultrasound
14.11 Cholangiography
14: Biliary Tract
14.12 Positron-Emission Tomography
14.13 Additional Considerations in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
14: Biliary Tract
14.14 Complete Staging Evaluation
14.14.1 Gallbladder Cancer
14: Biliary Tract
14.14 Complete Staging Evaluation
14.14.2 Cholangiocarcinoma
14: Biliary Tract
14.15 Histology
14: Biliary Tract
14.16 Prognostic Factors
14.17 Neoadjuvant Therapy
14.18 Approach to Surgical Resection
14.18.1 Role of Staging Laparoscopy
14: Biliary Tract
14.18 Approach to Surgical Resection
14.18.2 Unresectable Disease
14.18.3 Resectable Gallbladder Cancer
14.18.3.1 Early-Stage Disease (Stage 0, I, or II)
14: Biliary Tract
14.18 Approach to Surgical Resection
14.18.3 Resectable Gallbladder Cancer
14.18.3.2 Locally Advanced or Node-Positive Disease
14.19 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosed During Cholecystectomy
14.20 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosed After Cholecystectomy
14.20.1 T1a Disease
14: Biliary Tract
14.20 Gallbladder Cancer Diagnosed After Cholecystectomy
14.20.2 T1b Disease
14.20.3 T2 Disease
14.20.4 T3/T4 Disease
14.21 Resectability of Localized Cholangiocarcinoma
14: Biliary Tract
14.21 Resectability of Localized Cholangiocarcinoma
14.21.1 Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
14.21.2 Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
14: Biliary Tract
14.21 Resectability of Localized Cholangiocarcinoma
14.21.3 Distal Cholangiocarcinoma
14.22 Role of Liver Transplantation in Cholangiocarcinoma Treatment
14: Biliary Tract
14.23 Gallbladder Cancer Resection Techniques
14.23.1 Simple Cholecystectomy for Tis, T1a Disease
14.23.2 Extended Cholecystectomy for T2, T3 Disease
14.23.3 Role of Lymphadenectomy
14: Biliary Tract
14.23 Gallbladder Cancer Resection Techniques
14.23.4 Laparoscopic Port Site Excision
14.24 Cholangiocarcinoma Resection Techniques
14.24.1 Roux-en-Y Biliary-Enteric Anastomosis
14: Biliary Tract
14.24 Cholangiocarcinoma Resection Techniques
14.24.2 Distal Cholangiocarcinoma
14.25 Localized, Unresectable Gallbladder Cancer
14.26 Localized, Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma
14: Biliary Tract
14.27 Adjuvant Therapy for Resected Gallbladder Cancer and Cholangiocarcinoma
14.28 Advanced, Unresectable Disease
14.28.1 Obstructive Jaundice
14: Biliary Tract
14.28 Advanced, Unresectable Disease
14.28.2 Palliative Chemotherapy
14.29 Conclusion
14: Biliary Tract
References
15: Oncologic Surgical Emergencies: Spleen
15.1 Splenic Surgical Anatomy and Functions
15: Oncologic Surgical Emergencies: Spleen
15.2 Hematologic Malignancies and Splenic Tumors
15: Oncologic Surgical Emergencies: Spleen
15.2 Hematologic Malignancies and Splenic Tumors
15.2.1 Leukemias
15.2.2 Lymphomas
15.2.3 Primary Splenic Malignancy (Angiosarcoma)
15: Oncologic Surgical Emergencies: Spleen
15.2 Hematologic Malignancies and Splenic Tumors
15.2.4 Secondary Metastatic Disease
15.3 Clinical Presentation and Management
15: Oncologic Surgical Emergencies: Spleen
15.4 Operative Management
15.4.1 Approach and Techniques
15: Oncologic Surgical Emergencies: Spleen
15.4 Operative Management
15.4.2 Open Splenectomy
15.4.3 Laparoscopic Splenectomy
15.4.4 Angioembolization
15: Oncologic Surgical Emergencies: Spleen
15.5 Postoperative Considerations
15: Oncologic Surgical Emergencies: Spleen
15.6 Conclusions
References
16: Gynecologic Oncological Surgical Emergencies
16.1 Introduction
16: Gynecologic Oncological Surgical Emergencies
16.2 Bowel Perforation
16: Gynecologic Oncological Surgical Emergencies
16.3 Bowel Obstruction
16: Gynecologic Oncological Surgical Emergencies
16.4 Vaginal Bleeding
16: Gynecologic Oncological Surgical Emergencies
16.5 Hemoperitoneum
16: Gynecologic Oncological Surgical Emergencies
16.6 Ovarian Torsion
16.7 Hematometra
16: Gynecologic Oncological Surgical Emergencies
16.8 Urinary Obstruction
16: Gynecologic Oncological Surgical Emergencies
16.9 Complicated Ascites
16.10 Conclusion
References
17: Kidney
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Parenchymal and Collecting System Emergencies
17: Kidney
17.3 Ureteral Obstruction
17: Kidney
17.4 Bowel-Related Emergencies
17: Kidney
17.5 Conclusion
17: Kidney
References
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Ureteral Obstruction
18.2.1 Epidemiology
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.2 Ureteral Obstruction
18.2.2 Etiology
18.2.3 Pathophysiology
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.2 Ureteral Obstruction
18.2.4 Clinical Presentation
18.2.4.1 Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.2 Ureteral Obstruction
18.2.4 Clinical Presentation
18.2.4.2 Acute Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction
18.2.4.3 Chronic Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction
18.2.5 Evaluation
18.2.5.1 Renal Ultrasonography
18.2.5.2 Nuclear Medicine Renography
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.2 Ureteral Obstruction
18.2.5 Evaluation
18.2.5.3 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
18.2.5.4 Urodynamics
18.2.6 Management
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.2 Ureteral Obstruction
18.2.6 Management
18.2.6.1 Ureteral Stents
18.2.6.2 Percutaneous Nephrostomy Tubes
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.2 Ureteral Obstruction
18.2.6 Management
18.2.6.3 Surgical Management
18.3 Bladder Outlet Obstruction
18.3.1 Epidemiology
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.3 Bladder Outlet Obstruction
18.3.2 Etiology
18.3.3 Pathophysiology
18.3.4 Clinical Presentation
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.3 Bladder Outlet Obstruction
18.3.5 Evaluation
18.3.5.1 Female Anatomy
18.3.5.2 Male Anatomy
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.3 Bladder Outlet Obstruction
18.3.6 Management
18.3.6.1 Management After Radiation Therapy
18: Urologic Emergencies in Oncology Patients
18.3 Bladder Outlet Obstruction
18.3.6 Management
18.3.6.2 Management of Post-radical Prostatectomy Vesicourethral Anastomotic Strictures
References
19: Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
19.1 Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Overview
19: Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
19.2 The Role of the Acute Care Surgeon (ACS) in Patients with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
19: Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
19.3 Diagnosis
19.4 Malignant Bowel Obstruction (MBO) Due to Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
19: Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
19.4 Malignant Bowel Obstruction (MBO) Due to Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
19.4.1 Surgical Palliation
19.4.2 Nonsurgical Palliation
19: Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
19.5 Other Surgical Emergencies in Patients with PC
19: Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
19.6 Conclusions
References
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.1 Introduction
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.2 Pathogenesis
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.3 Staging
20.4 Diagnosis
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.5 Gastric Lymphomas
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.5 Gastric Lymphomas
20.5.1 Clinical Presentation
20.5.2 Investigations
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.5 Gastric Lymphomas
20.5.3 Management
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.5 Gastric Lymphomas
20.5.4 Immediate Treatment
20.5.5 Surgical Treatment
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.6 Small Bowel Lymphomas
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.6 Small Bowel Lymphomas
20.6.1 Clinical Presentation
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.6 Small Bowel Lymphomas
20.6.2 Investigations
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.6 Small Bowel Lymphomas
20.6.3 Surgical Treatment
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.7 Colorectal Lymphomas
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
20.7 Colorectal Lymphomas
20.7.1 Clinical Presentation
20.7.2 Investigations
20.7.3 Surgical Techniques
20: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Intra-abdominal Lymphomas
References
21: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: GIST
21.1 Introduction
21: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: GIST
21.2 Emergency Surgery in GISTs
21: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: GIST
21.3 Treatment
21.4 Conclusion
References
22: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Desmoplastic
22.1 Introduction
22: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Desmoplastic
22.2 Diagnosis in Emergency Setting
22: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Desmoplastic
22.3 Clinical Presentations in Emergency Setting
22.3.1 Perforation
22: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Desmoplastic
22.3 Clinical Presentations in Emergency Setting
22.3.2 Abscess Formation
22: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Desmoplastic
22.3 Clinical Presentations in Emergency Setting
22.3.3 Obstruction
22.3.4 Hemoperitoneum
22: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Desmoplastic
22.3 Clinical Presentations in Emergency Setting
22.3.5 Ascites
22.3.6 Combined Presentations
22.4 Surgery
22: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Desmoplastic
22.5 Nonoperative Management
22: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Desmoplastic
References
23: Surgical Emergencies in Cancer Surgeries: Sarcoma
23.1 Introduction
23: Surgical Emergencies in Cancer Surgeries: Sarcoma
23.2 Extremity Sarcoma
23.2.1 Extremity Sarcoma: Tumor-Related Emergencies
23.2.1.1 Hemorrhage
23: Surgical Emergencies in Cancer Surgeries: Sarcoma
23.2 Extremity Sarcoma
23.2.1 Extremity Sarcoma: Tumor-Related Emergencies
23.2.1.2 Obstruction
23.2.2 Extremity Sarcoma: Treatment-Related Emergencies
23.2.2.1 Hemorrhagic
23: Surgical Emergencies in Cancer Surgeries: Sarcoma
23.2 Extremity Sarcoma
23.2.2 Extremity Sarcoma: Treatment-Related Emergencies
23.2.2.2 Infectious
23.3 Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
23: Surgical Emergencies in Cancer Surgeries: Sarcoma
23.3 Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
23.3.1 RP Sarcoma: Tumor-Related Emergencies
23.3.2 RP Sarcoma: Treatment-Related Emergencies
23: Surgical Emergencies in Cancer Surgeries: Sarcoma
23.4 Summary
References
24: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Epidemiology
24: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
24.3 Classification of Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms
24: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
24.4 Pathophysiology of PMP
24.5 Classification of PMP
24: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
24.6 Clinical Presentation
24: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
24.7 Evaluation and Management
24.7.1 Localized AMNs
24: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
24.7 Evaluation and Management
24.7.2 AMNs with Peritoneal Dissemination
24.7.2.1 Initial Evaluation
24: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
24.7 Evaluation and Management
24.7.2 AMNs with Peritoneal Dissemination
24.7.2.2 Management
24: Miscellaneous Rare Malignancies: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
24.8 Complications and Outcomes
24.9 Summary
References
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.1 Introduction
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.2 Triage
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.3 Informed Consent
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.3 Informed Consent
25.3.1 Jehovah’s Witnesses and Blood Transfusions
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.4 Palliative Care
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.5 Surgical Training
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.6 Medicolegal Issues and Guidelines
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.7 Research
25.7.1 Research in Comparison to Clinical Practice
25.7.2 The Tuskegee Experiment and Belmont Report
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.7 Research
25.7.3 The Nuremberg Code
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.7 Research
25.7.4 The Declaration of Helsinki
25.7.4.1 General Principles
25.7.4.2 Risks, Burdens and Benefits
25.7.4.3 Vulnerable Groups and Individuals
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.7 Research
25.7.4 The Declaration of Helsinki
25.7.4.4 Scientific Requirements and Research Protocols
25.7.4.5 Research Ethics Committees
25.7.4.6 Privacy and Confidentiality
25.7.4.7 Informed Consent
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.7 Research
25.7.4 The Declaration of Helsinki
25.7.4.8 Use of Placebo
25.7.4.9 Post-trial Provisions
25.7.4.10 Research Registration and Publication and Dissemination of Results
25: Ethical Issues in Emergency Surgery
25.7 Research
25.7.4 The Declaration of Helsinki
25.7.4.11 Unproven Interventions in Clinical Practice
References