Contents
About the author
Preface
Acknowledgements
Nomenclature
Abbreviations
1. Introduction to off-shore wind
1.1 Development of wind power
1.2 Reliability of on-shore wind turbines
1.3 Large wind farms
1.4 First off-shore developments
1.5 Off-shore wind in Northern Europe
1.6 Off-shore wind rest of the world
1.7 Off-shore wind power terminology and economics
1.8 Roles
1.9 Summary
2. Reliability theory relevant to off-shore wind
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic definitions
2.3 Random and continuous variables
2.4 Reliability theory
2.5 Reliability modelling concepts for off-shore wind farms
2.6 Reliability block diagrams
2.7 Summary
3. Weather, its influence on off-shore reliability
3.1 Wind, weather and large off-shore wind farms
3.2 Mathematics to analyse weather influence
3.3 Relationships between weather and failure rate
3.4 Resource, location, reliability and capacity factor
3.5 Summary
4. Practical off-shore wind farm reliability
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Taxonomies and data from wind turbines and off-shore farms
4.3 Failure location, failure mode, root cause and failure mechanism
4.4 Reliability field data and collection
4.5 Mathematical concerns about field data
4.6 Comparative data analysis
4.7 Current reliability and failure mode knowledge
4.8 Linkage between failure mode and root cause
4.9 Reliability analysis, machinery versus structure versus taxonomy
4.10 Premature series failures
4.11 Summary
5. Wind turbine configuration and reliability
5.1 Modern wind turbine configurations
5.2 Reliability analysis assuming constant failure rate
5.3 Analysis of turbine concepts
5.4 Using data to predict prospective drive train reliability
5.5 Summary
6. Design and testing for wind farm availability
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods to improve reliability
6.3 Design techniques
6.4 Testing techniques
6.5 From high reliability to high availability
6.6 Summary
7. Early off-shore unreliability and availability
7.1 Early European off-shore wind farm experience
7.2 Lessons learnt
7.3 Summary
8. Off-shore wind farm layouts and grid connection
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Arrangements
8.3 Device and collector arrays
8.4 AC versus DC collectors and export connection
8.5 Sub-stations and converter stations
8.6 Off-shore wind farms
8.7 Floating technology, effect on reliability
8.8 Summary
9. Monitoring for off-shore wind farms
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Supervisory control and data acquisition
9.3 Condition monitoring systems
9.4 Structural health monitoring
9.5 SCADA and CMS monitoring success
9.6 Data integration
9.7 Summary
10. Maintenance for off-shore wind farms
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Maintenance methods
10.3 Spares
10.4 Weather
10.5 Access and logistics
10.6 Data management for an integrated maintenance strategy
10.7 Summary
11. Production safety, training and qualification
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Safety
11.3 Training and qualification
12. Overall summary conclusions
12.1 Reliability and availability in wind farm design
12.1.1 Importance of data
12.2 Collating data
12.3 Operational planning for maintenance, RCM versus CBM
12.4 Asset management
12.5 Towards an integrated maintenance strategy, data management
12.6 Prospective costs of energy for off-shore wind
12.7 Production safety, training and qualification
12.8 Future prospects
References
Standards
Appendix A: WMEP operatorsβ report form
Appendix B: Reliability data collection
Appendix C: Commercial SCADA systems
Appendix D: Commercial condition monitoring systems
Appendix E: Reliabilities of key off-shore sub-assemblies
Appendix F: Wind power historical timeline
Index