<p><i>Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual, Second Edition,</i> is for electrical engineers working on offshore projects who require detailed knowledge of an array of equipment and power distribution systems. The book begins with coverage of different types of insulation, hot-spot temperatures, te
Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual
β Scribed by Geoff MacAngus-Gerrard
- Publisher
- Gulf Professional Publishing
- Year
- 2017
- Tongue
- English
- Leaves
- 469
- Category
- Library
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
β¦ Synopsis
Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual, Second Edition, is for electrical engineers working on offshore projects who require detailed knowledge of an array of equipment and power distribution systems. The book begins with coverage of different types of insulation, hot-spot temperatures, temperature rise, ambient air temperatures, basis of machine ratings, method of measurement of temperature rise by resistance, measurement of ambient air temperature. This is followed by coverage of AC generators, automatic voltage regulators, AC switchgear transformers, and programmable electronic systems. The emphasis throughout is on practical, ready-to-apply techniques that yield immediate and cost-effective benefits. The majority of the systems covered in the book operate at a nominal voltage of 24 y dc and, although it is not necessary for each of the systems to have separate battery and battery charger systems, the grouping criteria require more detailed discussion. The book also provides information on equipment such as dual chargers and batteries for certain vital systems, switchgear tripping/closing, and engine start batteries which are dedicated to the equipment they supply. In the case of engines which drive fire pumps, duplicate charges and batteries are also required. Packed with charts, tables, and diagrams, this work is intended to be of interest to both technical readers and to general readers. It covers electrical engineering in offshore situations, with much of the information gained in the North Sea. Some topics covered are offshore power requirements, generator selection, process drivers and starting requirements, control and monitoring systems, and cabling and equipment installation Discusses how to perform inspections of electrical and instrument systems on equipment using appropriate regulations and specifications Explains how to ensure electrical systems/components are maintained and production is uninterrupted Demonstrates how to repair, modify, and install electrical instruments ensuring compliance with current regulations and specifications Covers specification, management, and technical evaluation of offshore electrical system design Features evaluation and optimization of electrical system options including DC/AC selection and offshore cabling designs
β¦ Table of Contents
Notice-From-the-Author_2018_Offshore-Electrical-Engineering-Manual
Notice From the Author
Front-Matter_2018_Offshore-Electrical-Engineering-Manual
Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual
Copyright_2018_Offshore-Electrical-Engineering-Manual
Copyright
Preface-to-Second-Edition_2018_Offshore-Electrical-Engineering-Manual
Preface to Second Edition
Acknowledgements_2018_Offshore-Electrical-Engineering-Manual
Acknowledgements
First Edition, Offshore Electrical Engineering (See Revision Notes)
Revision Notes
SECOND Edition, Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual
1
1 - The Offshore Electrical Dimension
Introduction
Marine Environment
Hazards Offshore
Gas
Crude Oil and Condensates
Operational Hazards
Electrical System Design Criteria
Description of a Typical System
Main Prime Movers
Key Services or Submain Generators
Medium-Voltage Distribution
Low-Voltage Distribution
Emergency or Basic Services Switchboard
Fire Pumps
Secure Alternating Current and Direct Current Power Supplies
Drilling Supplies
2
2 - The Offshore Electrical Environment
Introduction
Safety
Isolated Situation
Environment
Water Hazards
Hydrocarbon Hazards
Fire and Gas Monitoring
Emergency Shutdown System
Safe and Hazardous Area Ventilation
Distribution Configuration
Modular Construction
Subsea Cable Versus On-Board Generation
3
1 - Insulation and Temperature Ratings of Equipment
Insulating Materials
Hot-Spot Temperatures
Temperature Rise
Ambient Air Temperatures
Basis of Machine Ratings
Method of Measurement of Temperature Rise by Resistance
Measurement of Ambient Air Temperature
Typical Alternator Heat Run Procedure
Do Not Readjust AVR During Heat Run
Ratings for Variable Speed Motors
Thermal Overloads and Motor Thermal Protection
ATEX EX βEβ Increased Safety Certified Motors
Acknowledgments
4
2 - Alternating Current Synchronous Generators
Introduction
Principals of Operation
Speed
Generating Voltage
Subtransient Reactance
Transient Reactance
Power Factor
The Brushless Alternator
Generator Capability Diagram
Parallel Operation of Generators
Load Sharing of Generators
Note on Compounding
LoadβVoltage Characteristics (Regulation)
5
3 - Emergency Generators
Emergency Generation
6
7
4 - Prime Mover Selection Criteria
Introduction
Gas Turbines
Gas Turbine Applications
Fuel Gas Supply Disturbances
Turbine Temperature Limits
Gas Ingestion from Leaks
Reciprocating Engines
Diesel Engines
Gas-Ignition Engines
Fuel Gas Pressure
Fuel Gas Temperature and Combustion Knock
Spark Duration and Voltage
Fuel Gas Disturbances
Load Profiles
Projected Demand
Variability of Demand Over 24 Hours
Low Loading Problems
Choice of Fuel
Main Generation
Number Required
Size
Location
Cooling Systems
Lube Oil Systems
Governors
Alternators and Excitation Systems
Neutral Earthing
Starting Requirements
Key Services Generation
8
5 - Generation and Distribution Switchgear and Transformers
Switchgear β General Requirements
The Mechanism of Short Circuit Current Interruption
Breaking Current
Making Current
Types of Interrupter
HRC Cartridge Fuses
Air Circuit Breakers
Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers
Limited Oil Volume Circuit Breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breakers and Contactors
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers
Switchboard Construction
General
Main Switchboards 6.6β13. 8kV
Large Drive Switchboards 3.3β6. 6kV
Utility Services and Production Switchboards
Emergency Switchboards
Drilling Supplies
Living Quarters Supplies
Process Area Distribution
Transformers
9
6 - Direct Current Generators
Introduction
Compound-Wound Generators
Adjustment of Compounding
Parallel Operation
10
7 - Direct Current Switchgear
Introduction
Switching Direct Currents
Specification
11
8 - Electrical Cables
Selection
Installation
Transits, Glands and Connectors
Transits
Glands
Connectors
Bus Ducting
Cables for Intrinsically Safe Circuits
12
9 - Motors
Introduction
Voltage Levels
Starting
Speed
Pole Configuration
Cooling and Ingress Protection
Particular Applications
13
10 - Motor Control Gear
Introduction
Low-Voltage Switchgear and Motor Control Centres for Offshore Use
Intelligent Motor Control Centres
Motor Control Centre Software
Medium-Voltage Starters
Direct on Line Starting
Electronic Starters
14
11 - Power Electronics (Semiconductor Equipment)
Introduction
Environmental Conditions
Uninterruptible and Secure Power Supplies
Direct Current Supplies
Alternating Current Supplies
Selection of Voltage Tolerances
Batteries
Types of Batteries
LeadβAcid PlantΓ© Cells
LeadβAcid Recombination Cells
NickelβCadmium Cells
Boost Charging Facilities
Ventilation and Housing of Vented Batteries
Sealed Cells
Solid-State Controllers
Burst-Fired (Integral Cycle Fired) Process Heater Controllers
Direct Current Variable-Speed Drives
Alternating Current Variable-Frequency Drives
Variable-Speed Drive or Variable-Frequency Drive
15
12 - Process Drives and Starting Requirements
Introduction
Voltage Levels
Starting
Speed
Pole Configuration
Cooling and Ingress Protection
Special Applications
Reciprocating Pumps and Compressors
Gas Compressors
Direct Current Drilling Motors
Power Swivels
Seawater Lift Pumps
DieselβElectric Fire Pumps
Fire Pump Diesel Engine Starting Requirements
Downhole Pumps
Main Oil Line and Water Injection Pumps
16
13 - Subsea Supplies and Cathodic Protection
Introduction
Subsea Power Supplies
Diverβs Life Support Equipment
Subsea Completion Modules
Diving Chambers for Saturation Diving
Inductive Couplers
Subsea Umbilicals and Power Cables
Cathodic Protection
Introduction
Types of System
Impressed Current Systems
Impressed Current Systems on Submerged Pipelines
Galvanic Anode Systems
Cathodic Protection Calculations
17
14 - Offshore Lighting
Introduction
Lighting Calculations
Point Sources
Linear Sources
Utilisation Factors for Interiors and Average Illuminance
Calculation Procedure
Average Illuminance
Illuminance at a Point
Floodlighting
Accommodation Lighting
Normal Lighting
Accommodation Emergency Lighting
Process Area Lighting
Drilling Areas
Laydown Areas
Helidecks
Jacket and Leg Lighting
Navigational Lighting
Walkways, Catwalks and Stairways
Emergency Escape Lighting
Routine Maintenance
18
15 - Process Control and Monitoring Systems
Introduction
Process Control Systems
Process Shutdown System
Fire and Gas Considerations
Emergency Shutdown System
19
16 - Transformers
Introduction
Transformer Construction
Transformer Regulation
20
17 - Telecommunications β Internal and External
Internal Communications
Redundancy, Diversity, Survivability and Safety Issues
External Telecommunications
Redundancy, Diversity and Safety Issues
Notes
21
1 - Notes on Detailed Design Project Organisation and Documentation
Introduction
Technical Organisation of the Design Programme
Project Procedures
Office Environment and Procedures
Office Procedures
Drawing Representation
Databases and Schedules
Material and Equipment Handling and Storage
Erection Procedure
22
1 - Alternator Faults and Protection Devices
Introduction
Neutral Earthing and Earth Faults
Overload Protection
Overcurrent Protection
Phase and Interturn Faults
Winding Protection
Over-/Undervoltage Protection
Over-/Underfrequency Protection
Unbalanced Loading and Negative Phase Sequence Protection
Rotor Faults
Field Faults and Asynchronous Operation
Package Control and Supervision, Master Trip and Lockout Relays
23
2 - Transformer Faults and Protection Devices
Transformer Faults
Earth Faults
Phase-to-Phase Faults
Core and Interturn Faults
Magnetising Inrush
Overcurrent Protection
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Differential Protection
Oil and Gas-Operated Devices
Parallel Transformers and Intertripping
Momentary Paralleling Schemes
Intertripping
24
3 - Motor Faults and Protection
Motor Winding Electrical Faults
Motor Mechanical Faults
Bearing failures
Abnormalities in the Driven Machinery
Abnormalities in the Supply System
Overload Protection
Stalling Protection
Phase Unbalance Protection
Conventional Relay Types
Static and Microprocessor-Based Relay Types
Additional Protection for Synchronous Motors
Detection of Motor Faults on Large Motors With the Rogowski Coils
25
4 - Busbar Protection
Busbar Faults
Overcurrent and Directional Overcurrent Protection
Unrestricted Earth Fault Protection
Frame Earth Protection
Differential Protection
26
5 - Feeder Protection, Conductor Sizing, Load Flow and Fault Calculation
Fuses
Miniature Circuit Breakers
Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
Sizing of Conductors
Load Flow
Busbar Sizing
Cable Sizing
Worked Example: Fault Calculation
Main Generator Fault Currents
Switchboard Fault Currents
27
6 - Calculation of Load Flow, Prospective Fault Currents and Transient Disturbances
Fault Calculation
Standard Methods of Calculation
IEC 61363
IEC 60909
IEEE141/ANSI37
Digital Methods of Fault Calculation
Digital Simulation of System Disturbances
Transient Simulations and Harmonic Analysis
ETAP Short Circuit Analysis Software
Unbalanced Short Circuit Analysis for Multiple and Single Phase Systems
IPSA Short Circuit Analysis Software
Power Tools for Windows
Proving the Software
Manual Calculations
28
7 - Protection and Discrimination
Introduction
Worked Example (Continued): Relay Setting of Typical MV Platform Scheme
Overcurrent Protection
Data Requirements
System Data
Base Values
Operating Conditions
Overcurrent Relay Setting
Relay F: Range 10%β200%, CT Ratio 1500/1
Relay T: Range 10%β200%, CT Ratio 1500/1
Relay G: Range 10%β200%, CT Ratio 2000/1
Coordination
Earth Fault Relay Setting
CT Saturation
Relay Z: Range 10%β20%, CT Ratio 300/1. Fuse Z: 200A
Relay F: Range 10%β200%, CT Ratio 1500/1; 10VA 5P10
Coordination
Worked Example: Setting Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Relays
29
8 - Power Management
Generator Controls
Start and Stop Buttons
Automatic Voltage Regulator and Governor Raise/Lower Switches
Synchronising Equipment
Instrumentation
Metering
Synchronising Indicators
Alarm Annunciator
Load Sharing Systems
Power Management Systems
Power Management System Design
30
9 - Harmonics
Introduction
Overheating of Motors
Overheating of Transformers and Increased Associated Losses
Resonance Effects
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Switch Mode Power Supplies
Percentage Distortion Definition
Current or Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion
31
1 - Installation Practice
Switchgear and Motor Control Centres
Distribution Transformers
Motors and Generators
Lighting and Small Power
Secure Power Supply Systems
Batteries
Battery Chargers and Invertors
Communications
Public Address Systems
Telephones
Cable Support Systems
General
Support Steelwork
Cable Tray
Tray Installation
Ladder Rack
The Decommissioning and Removal/Abandonment Phases
Written Schemes of Examination
32
2 - Electrical System Earthing
Introduction
Platforms
Electrical Earths
Instrument/Communications Earths
Intrinsically Safe Earth
Equipotential Bonding
Ships
Lightning Protection
33
3 - Environmental Protection
Introduction
Weather and Sea Protection
Stainless Steel
Grey Cast Iron
Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel
Polycarbonate
Manganese Bronze and Gunmetal
Welded and Cast Structural Steel
Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic
Enclosure Ingress Protection
Structural Considerations
Weight Control
Shock and Vibration
Location of Engine Intakes and Exhausts
Mechanical Protection
Noise Control
Prime Movers
Motors
34
4 - Hazardous Area Installation
Introduction
Hazardous Area Applications
Temperature Considerations
Ignition Temperature
Flashpoint Temperature
Explosion-Proof Ex βdβ Equipment (Older βFlameproofβ Certification is Similar)
Explosion-Proof Equipment Groups
Increased Safety Ex βeβ Equipment
Terminals
Enclosure
Ex βnAβ Non-Sparking
Non-Sparking: Ex βNβ (Now Obsolescent)
Pressurised: Ex βpβ
Intrinsic Safety β Ex βiβa and Ex βiβb (Refer to BS EN 60079-11:2012)
Level of Protection βiaβ
Level of Protection βibβ
Level of Protection βICβ
βSimpleβ Apparatus and Components
Loop Calculations for Galvanic Barriers
Selection of Other Equipment
Avoidance of Ignition by Non-Electrical Equipment (Refer BS EN ISO 80079-36 & 37)
Avoidance of Ignition by Radio and Radar Transmissions (Refer to PD CLC/TR 50427)
Hazard Source Schedules
Defining Boundaries
Ventilation
Logic of Area Classification
Selection of Motors for Hazardous Areas
Mixing Hazardous Area Certified Equipment
Various Global and National Standards
Equipment for Use in Polar Regions
Intrinsically Safe Barriers β Galvanic or Optical Isolation
35
1 - Notes on Dynamic Positioning and Ballast Control for Floating Installations
Dynamic Positioning
Integrated Control Systems
Propulsion Redundancy
Ballast Control Systems
Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Units
Semisubmersibles
Ballast Control: Basic Control Features
36
2 - Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Units
Introduction
Safety Critical Systems
37
3 - Semisubmersibles and Mobile Offshore Drilling Units
Introduction
Power Generation
Pontoon and Leg Equipment Installation
Watertight Door Monitoring and Ballast Control Systems
Electrical Drilling Direct Current and Alternating Current Semiconductor Drives
Cement Kill Pumps and Controls
Drilling Mud Facilities
Fire and Gas Systems and Ventilation Control on Rigs
The UK Offshore Safety Case Legislation
38
4 - Self-Elevating Rigs
Introduction
Frequent Duties
Main Facilities
39
5 - Tension Leg Platforms
Introduction
Tension Leg Platform in Oil and Gas Installations
Tension Leg Platform as a Wind Turbine Structure
40
6 - Notes on Offshore Renewable Energy Substation Platforms
Introduction
Description
Hazards
41
1 - Introduction to Commissioning
42
2 - Generators
Introduction
Running the Prime Mover
43
3 - Switchgear
Air Break Switching Devices and Fuses Rated for Use at Voltages Below 1000V
Air Circuit Breakers/Switchgear Rated for Use at Voltages Above 1000V
Oil Switchgear Over 1kV
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Sulphur Hexafluoride Switchgear
44
4 - Protection and Control
Precommissioning
Protection Scheme Commissioning
Voltage Transformers (Refer to BS EN 61869 and BS EN 50482)
Insulation Resistance
Polarity Check
Voltage Ratio Test
Phasing Check
Restoration
Current Transformers
Current Ratio Check
Method 1
Method 2
Magnetisation Curve Tests
Restoration
Protection Relays
Mechanical Checks on Induction Disc and Attracted Armature Relays
Electrical Checks on Electronic (Static) and Induction Disc Relays
Insulation Tests
Secondary Injection Tests
Electrical Tests on Attracted Armature Relays
Insulation Testing
Secondary Injection Testing
Electrical Tests on Thermal Relays
Primary Injection Tests
Overcurrent Relays
Residual Earth Fault Relays
Restricted Earth Fault Relays
Closing and Tripping
45
5 - Large Motors
Precommissioning
Motor Commissioning Tests
Megohmmeter (Megger) Test
Polarisation Index
Overpotential Tests
Evaluation of Motor Test Results
46
6 - Protection, Monitoring and Control
Precommissioning
Permit-to-Work Systems
Control and Monitoring System Commissioning
Cause-and-Effect Matrices
Safety, Shutdown and Protective Circuits and Devices
47
1 - Reliability
Introduction
Duplication and Redundancy
Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis
Circuit Breaker Illustration
Circuit Breaker Functions
Circuit Breaker Modes of Failure
Fault Trees
Fault Tree Construction
Common Mode Failure Identification
Qualitative Analysis
Quantitative Analysis
Evaluation Using Event Probabilities
Evaluation Using Event Failure Rates
Reliability Block Diagrams
Confidence Limits
Example 8.1.1
Solution
Example 8.1.2
Solution
48
2 - Maintenance and Logistics
Rationalisation of Spares
Accessibility and Communications
Maintenance Intervals and Equipment Specification
Scaffolding and Abseiling (Rappelling)
Transport, Accommodation and People Onboard Problems
Maintenance Scheduling Software
Appendix A
A - Guide to Offshore Installations
A.1 Types of Installation
Semisubmersibles
Jack-Up or Self-Elevating Platforms
Fixed Platforms
Tension Leg Platforms
A.2 Drilling Essentials
Draw Works
Rotary Table
Top Drive
Mud Pumps
Shale Shaker
Blowout Preventer
Wireline Logging
Well Completion
Perforation
Christmas Trees
Subsea Completions
Deviated Drilling
A.3 Production Process Essentials
Oil, Water and Gas Separation
Hydrates
Water Injection
Gas Reinjection
Oil Storage and Export
Artificial Lift Facilities
A.4 Oil Company Operations
Financing
Division of Labour
Appendix B
B - Typical Commissioning Test Sheets
Appendix C
C - Comparison of Hazardous Area Equipment Certification
Appendix C1: Comparison of EU and US Certification for Hazardous Areas
Appendix C2: HAZARDOUS AREA GUIDE for ATEX & IECEx (Zones/Groups)
Bibliography
Bibliography
Part 2 Chapter 2
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 3
References
Useful Links
Part 2 Chapter 4
References
Useful Links
Part 2 Chapter 5
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 6
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 7
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 8
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 9
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 10
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 11
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 12
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 13
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 14
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 15
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 16
References
Web References
Part 2 Chapter 17
References
Web References
Part 3 Chapter 1
References
Web References
Part 4 Chapter 1
Web References
Part 4 Chapter 2
References
Web References
Part 4 Chapter 3
References
Web References (for Motor Protection Relay Manufacturers, see Table 4.3.1)
Part 4 Chapter 4
References
Web References
Part 4 Chapter 5
References
Web References
Part 4 Chapter 7
References
Web References
Part 4 Chapter 8
References
Web References
Part 4 Chapter 9
References
Web References
Part 5 Chapter 1
References
Web References
Part 5 Chapter 2
References
Web References
Part 5 Chapter 3
References
Web References
Part 5 Chapter 4
References
Web References
Part 6 Chapter 1
References
Web References
Part 6 Chapter 2
References
Web References
Part 6 Chapter 3
References
Web References
Part 6 Chapter 4
References
Web References
Part 6 Chapter 5
References
Web References
Part 6 Chapter 6
References
Web References
Part 7 Chapter 1
References
Web References
Part 7 Chapter 5
References
Web References
Part 7 Chapter 6
References
Web References
Part 8 Chapter 1
References
Web References
Part 8 Chapter 2
References
Web References
Part 9 Chapter 1
References
Index_2018_Offshore-Electrical-Engineering-Manual
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
π SIMILAR VOLUMES
The majority of the systems covered here operate at a nominal voltage of 24 y dc and, although it is not necessary for each of the above systems to have separate battery and battery charger systems, the grouping criteria require more detailed discussion. These are covered in chapter 5, as is the nee
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Professor Yarbrough has designed this text to be "a single reference for the broad field of electrical engineering," giving electrical engineering PE applicants the best exam review possible. Using tables, figures, and problem-solving techniques, this manual thoroughly covers every exam subject, inc
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This text introduces imaging, radiometry, sources, detectors, and lasers, with special emphasis on flux-transfer issues. The first-order approach enables students to make back-of-the-envelope calculations needed for initial setup of optical apparatus. It is intended for students and newcomers to ele