Front Cover......Page 1
Ocular Periphery and Disorders......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Gene Therapy for the Cornea, Conjunctiva, and Lacrimal Gland......Page 14
Section I: Extraocular and Eyelid Muscles: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology......Page 16
Organization of the Eyelid System......Page 18
Modifiability of the Blink System......Page 21
Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm......Page 22
Further Reading......Page 23
The Corneal Stroma......Page 24
Corneal Avascularity and Optical Clarity......Page 320
Normal Time Course of Hyperopia......Page 246
Pathology of the Meibomian Gland......Page 27
Muscle Morphogenesis......Page 29
Further Reading......Page 31
Myopia......Page 396
What Is Amblyopia?......Page 32
Innate Immune System and Resistance to Acanthamoeba Infections......Page 429
Innervation......Page 36
Myosin Isoform Complexity in the EOM......Page 37
Nonuniform Expression of MyHC Isoforms along the Muscle Length......Page 38
Other Molecules Heterogeneously Expressed......Page 40
Clinical Features of Corneal Graft Rejection......Page 181
Mitochondrial Content in the Extraocular Muscles......Page 41
Epidemiology of Myopia......Page 270
Lids: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, Mucocutaneous Junction......Page 42
Glossary......Page 411
Introduction......Page 48
Postoperative management......Page 206
Afferent Influences on the PNR......Page 506
Additional Cortical Influences on Pupillary Responses......Page 45
Further Reading......Page 304
Further Reading......Page 47
Conjunctival Lymphoid Follicles Have a Typical Morphology and Function......Page 49
Cell-Matrix Junctions: Hemidesmosomes and Adhesion Complexes......Page 182
Efferent Pathway......Page 483
Golgi Tendon Organs......Page 50
Pharmacological Treatment......Page 136
The Function of APCs in Microbial Keratitis......Page 51
Function of Palisade Endings......Page 52
Further Reading......Page 53
Inflammation......Page 376
Strategies of Cornea-Specific Genetic Modification: Transgenic and Knock-Out/Knock-In Mice......Page 288
Stromal Cells......Page 55
Tear Evaporation......Page 68
Conclusion......Page 57
Ocular Image Formation in Astigmatism......Page 58
Importance of Early Detection of Significant Hyperopia......Page 444
Further Reading......Page 531
Further Reading......Page 59
Immunopathogenesis of Pseudomonas Keratitis......Page 60
The Role of Endosymbiotic Wolbachia Bacteria in Onchocerciasis......Page 388
Immunobiology of Acanthamoeba Keratitis......Page 89
Description......Page 61
Antigen-Presenting Cells in HSK......Page 108
Cellular Mechanisms in Ocular Allergy......Page 63
Section II: Structure and Function of the Tear Film, Ocular Adnexa, Cornea and Conjunctiva in Health and Pathogenesis in Disease......Page 64
Corneal Histology......Page 318
Definition and Classifications of Hyperopia......Page 459
Corneal Endothelial Function......Page 66
Measurement of Visual Acuity......Page 115
The Lipid Layer......Page 67
Further Reading......Page 140
Further Reading......Page 233
Tear Distribution and Stability......Page 70
Toward an Optimization of the Corneal Refractive Surgery Procedure......Page 214
Drainage of Tears......Page 73
Further Reading......Page 74
Glossary......Page 75
Psychophysical Assessment of Vision......Page 515
The Lipid Layer of the Tear Film......Page 76
T Cells in HSK......Page 412
Epithelial Defense Mechanisms......Page 133
Role of Neutrophils in the Resistance to Acanthamoeba Infections......Page 78
Chronic Blepharitis......Page 80
Risks of Uncorrected Hyperopia......Page 453
Lacrimal Gland Gene Therapy......Page 349
Further Reading......Page 81
Defining the Problem......Page 83
Acuity......Page 216
Experimental Treatment of Amblyopia Beyond the Sensitive Period......Page 542
Myoepithelial Cells......Page 84
Role of Conjunctiva in Ocular Drug Delivery......Page 323
Bioengineered ACs that Address Regeneration......Page 85
Traditional Treatment of Amblyopia......Page 317
Mechanisms and Regulation of Electrolyte and Water Secretion by the Lacrimal Gland......Page 87
Further Reading......Page 88
Management of Hyperopia......Page 145
Glossary......Page 369
Cytokines and GFs......Page 276
Structural Correlates, Molecular and Anatomical Changes in Myopia......Page 92
Antimicrobial Peptides......Page 103
Influences of Prolactin, Estradiol, and Progesterone during Pregnancy......Page 93
Visual Acuity across the Retina......Page 94
Further Reading......Page 520
Hyperopia......Page 0
Glossary......Page 446
Glossary......Page 158
The Conjunctiva and Cornea......Page 124
Reporting Visual Acuity......Page 99
PLD-coupled signaling pathway......Page 101
Adenylate cyclase-coupled signaling pathway......Page 102
NO-coupled signaling pathway......Page 104
The Palisades of Vogt......Page 161
Corneal Angiogenic Privilege......Page 441
Natural History of Myopia......Page 107
Neuropeptides......Page 425
Common Malignant Eyelid Tumors......Page 110
EGFR/EGF, TGFΞ± Signaling Pathways on Eyelids Morphogenesis......Page 339
Mucin Secretagogues......Page 403
Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders of the Lids......Page 112
Defense Mechanisms of the Ocular Surface Epithelia......Page 462
Natural History of Herpes Stromal Keratitis......Page 114
Definition of Myopia: Health and Economic Implications......Page 532
Keratitis Caused by Candida......Page 117
Corneal Nerve Regeneration after Ocular Surgery......Page 170
Regulation of Epithelial Ion Transport in Rabbit Conjunctiva......Page 119
Fluid Transport Studies across Isolated Rabbit Conjunctiva......Page 120
Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Eye and Ocular Surface......Page 123
Glossary......Page 193
Introduction: Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis......Page 480
Goblet Cell Proliferation......Page 126
Patients on Anti-androgen Therapy......Page 194
The Site(s) of Amblyopia......Page 128
Cytokines, Chemokines, and Effector Cells......Page 129
Role of APCs in Age-Related Macular Degeneration......Page 149
Environmental Impact on the Ocular Surface......Page 399
Further Reading......Page 296
Conclusion......Page 130
The Definition and Etymology of Astigmatism......Page 521
Mechanical/Physical Defenses......Page 201
Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone......Page 384
Synthetic pathways......Page 134
Recycling......Page 135
Gel Formation......Page 137
Efferent Pathway of the PNR......Page 138
Understanding the Role for LSC in Corneal Homeostasis......Page 197
Stromal Disease......Page 139
Concluding Remarks......Page 393
Etiology and Epidemiology of Corneal NV......Page 485
Glossary......Page 141
Image Formation and Refractive Specification in Astigmatism......Page 142
Identification of a Wolbachia TLR2/TLR6 Ligand......Page 418
Further Reading......Page 144
Absorption of Tear Fluid Components......Page 420
Conclusions......Page 146
Further Reading......Page 147
Advantages of a Mobile Pupil......Page 235
Cathelicidins......Page 148
Glucose and Energy Metabolism......Page 290
Amblyopia Is a Significant Public Health Problem......Page 540
T cell differentiation and effector function......Page 150
Subepithelial infiltrates......Page 151
Degenerations......Page 152
Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy......Page 153
Mechanisms Underlying the Maintenance of Corneal Avascularity......Page 486
Pterygium excision......Page 154
Refractive surgery......Page 155
Descemets Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty......Page 156
Inflammation of the Conjunctiva......Page 474
Etiology of Myopia......Page 361
Further Reading......Page 164
Regulation of Corneal Endothelial Cell Proliferation......Page 228
Radial Keratotomy......Page 165
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta......Page 363
Stromal and Subepithelial Plexuses......Page 166
Subbasal Nerve Plexus......Page 167
Cell-Cell Junctions: Desmosomes......Page 168
Application of the Lessons of Immune Privilege......Page 230
Penetrating Keratoplasty......Page 171
Orthokeratology......Page 226
Mechanisms of Nerve Regrowth......Page 172
TLR......Page 424
Glossary......Page 208
Ocular Astigmatism: Prevalence and Age-Related Changes......Page 176
Effects of Injury on Corneal Nerves......Page 177
Further Reading......Page 178
How it Works......Page 249
Secreted Factors Involved in Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing......Page 183
Further Reading......Page 341
Surgical Treatment......Page 491
Further Reading......Page 185
Glossary......Page 186
Perceptual Learning as a Clinical Tool for Treating Amblyopia......Page 496
Temporal Contrast Sensitivity......Page 518
Further Reading......Page 285
Role of Innate Immunity in Fungal Keratitis......Page 330
Endothelial Barrier Function......Page 190
Complement System......Page 219
Further Reading......Page 191
Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis......Page 195
Rare Stromal Dystrophies......Page 196
Conclusions......Page 198
Corneal Angiogenic Privilege: The Balance between Angiogenesis and Anti- Angiogenesis......Page 309
Further Reading......Page 199
Glossary......Page 200
AM as a suitable carrier for corneal epithelial cell culture......Page 202
Indications......Page 203
Cell culture procedure......Page 204
Clinical outcome of cultivated autologous oral mucosal epithelial transplantation......Page 205
Task-Evoked Pupillary Responses......Page 294
Role of FGF7 in Maintenance of Corneal Homeostasis......Page 338
Induction of ACAID......Page 356
The Role of Wolbachia in the Pathogenesis of ocular onchocerciasis - Lessons from the Murine Model of O. volvulus/Wolbach......Page 210
Management of Human HSV Stromal Keratitis and Implications on Pathogenesis......Page 213
Further Reading......Page 395
Further Reading......Page 215
Introduction......Page 421
Cytokines/Chemokines......Page 217
Laser-Assisted Subepithelial Keratectomy......Page 218
Further Reading......Page 426
Corneal Inlays......Page 220
Further Reading......Page 221
Introduction......Page 222
Infection......Page 225
Other Molecules......Page 385
Historical Overview......Page 252
Further Reading......Page 375
Neuropeptides......Page 232
Comorbidities......Page 397
Clinical Presentations of Hyperopia......Page 314
APCs of the Sclera......Page 394
Acknowledgments......Page 240
Overview of the Pathways Controlling Pupil Diameter......Page 502
Standard Notation for Specifying Astigmatic Refraction......Page 241
Thiel-Behnke......Page 242
pIgR and dIgA......Page 358
Stromal Dystrophies......Page 243
Corneal stroma-specific mouse lines......Page 333
NK cells......Page 244
Gelatinous drop-like dystrophy......Page 245
Cytokines and Their Role in HSK......Page 371
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy......Page 247
Substance P......Page 250
Physical and physicochemical barriers keep antigens outside......Page 251
Astigmatic Blurring and Visual Perception......Page 524
Clinical Applications......Page 253
Conclusion......Page 386
Corneal Scars......Page 271
Introduction......Page 272
Ocular Wound Healing......Page 275
TGF-Ξ² signaling pathways......Page 278
Suppressing or amplifying factors......Page 279
Stromal keratocyte-specific promoter......Page 280
Inflammatory phase (lasts up to 2-4weeks after injury)......Page 281
Termination of the fibrotic repair response (about 3-4years after injury)......Page 282
Currently Available Scar-Reducing Therapies......Page 283
Emerging Scar-Reducing Therapies......Page 284
Arresten, canstatin, and tumstatin......Page 490
Role of Transcription Factors......Page 289
Cell Division and Replenishment......Page 291
Cytokines and Immune Privilege......Page 292
Proteins Synthesized for External Transport......Page 293
The Physiological Control of Active Deturgescence......Page 295
Corneal APCs......Page 298
Bicarbonate/Carbonic Anhydrase......Page 300
Deregulation of EALT Is a Central Component of Inflammatory Ocular Surface Disease......Page 301
Effect of MLC Phosphorylation on Corneal Endothelium Barrier Integrity......Page 302
Adenosine, Soluble Adenylate Cyclase, and cAMP......Page 303
Introduction......Page 428
Synthetic Artificial Corneas or Keratoprosthesis......Page 306
SP......Page 423
Pathogen Recognition......Page 463
Age-Related Decrease in Sensitivity to Mitogen or Growth Factors in Cultured HCECs......Page 308
Acknowledgments......Page 465
Artificial Cornea......Page 311
Glossary......Page 382
Corneal Gene Therapy Methods......Page 342
Transconjunctival Pathway......Page 325
Ξ²-Defensins......Page 469
Allergic Reactions in the Conjunctiva......Page 328
Pretectal olivary nucleus......Page 331
Identification of Ocular-Surface Tissue-Specific Promoter......Page 332
Corneal-epithelium-specific mouse lines......Page 334
Ocular surface tissue-specific Pax6OS-rtTA mouse line......Page 336
NOD-like receptors......Page 372
Conclusion: The Clinical Relevance of Tet-ON Mouse Models in Elucidating Pathophysiology of Ocular Surfaces Diseases......Page 340
Wave Front Analysis......Page 528
TLRs and TLR-Related Molecules......Page 468
Sympathetic Nervous System and ACAID......Page 347
Evading the Adaptive Immune Response......Page 348
Conjunctiva Gene Therapy......Page 350
Section III: Immune Regulation of the Cornea and Conjunctiva and its Dysregulation in Disease......Page 352
Glossary......Page 354
Direct and indirect alloantigen recognition......Page 407
Sensitive Periods for the Development of Amblyopia......Page 360
Glossary......Page 544
T-cell immune responses in the eye......Page 367
T lymphocytes......Page 408
Retinal pigment epithelium......Page 370
Complement......Page 373
Link between Innate and Adaptive Immunity......Page 374
Conjunctival MCs......Page 436
Splenic Phase of ACAID......Page 377
ACAID T Regulatory Cells......Page 378
Vitreous Cavity-Associated Immune Deviation......Page 379
Conclusions......Page 380
Further Reading......Page 387
Epithelial morphology and function......Page 389
Vision Therapy and Biofeedback Training......Page 450
The Function of APCs in Corneal Transplantation......Page 392
The general role of the LFU in homeostasis and disease......Page 398
Efferent arm of the immune response: immunoregulation......Page 400
Afferent arm of the immune response during autoimmune-based inflammation......Page 401
Efferent arm of the immune response during autoimmune-based inflammation......Page 402
Tetracyclines......Page 404
Prevalence......Page 405
Afferent Pathway......Page 504
Murine Model of Aspergillus Keratitis......Page 409
Acknowledgments......Page 419
Chemokine Involvement in HSK......Page 413
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Human HSK......Page 414
Immune Privilege of the Avascular Cornea......Page 432
Further Reading......Page 415
Optical and Neural Limits on Visual Acuity......Page 417
Humoral Factors of the Innate Immune System that Affect Resistance to Acanthamoeba Infections......Page 430
Role of the Mucosal Immune System in Resistance to AK......Page 431
Further Reading......Page 433
Contact Lenses......Page 434
Conjunctival Lymphocytes......Page 437
Conjunctival Epithelial Cells......Page 438
IgE in ocular allergy......Page 439
Cytokines and Chemokines in Ocular Allergy......Page 440
Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Fungal Keratitis......Page 442
Epithelial Immune Surveillance Takes Care of Environmental Antigens......Page 447
PRRs on epithelial cells provide an externalalarm system......Page 448
Lamina Propria Leukocytes Provide Immediate Innate Response against Invading Pathogens and can Orchestrate an Inflammatory Reac......Page 451
HEVs Provide the Regulated Immigration of Bone-Marrow-Derived Cells into the Tissue......Page 452
Types of Amblyopia......Page 522
Further Reading......Page 457
Visual Standards......Page 467
Adhesion Molecules......Page 470
Vasoactive intestinal peptide......Page 471
Conclusion......Page 472
Further Reading......Page 473
Tear Fluid: A Reservoir of Inflammatory Cells and Modulators......Page 475
Tear Fluid as a Diagnostic Indicator of Inflammation......Page 477
Further Reading......Page 513
Vascular endothelial growth factors......Page 481
Inhibitory PAS (Per/Arnt/Sim) domain protein......Page 482
Further Reading......Page 484
Vascular endothelial growth factor......Page 488
Basic fibroblast growth factor......Page 489
Avascularity of the Cornea......Page 493
Conclusion......Page 508
Further Reading......Page 497
Section IV: Visual Acuity Related to the Cornea and its Disorders......Page 500
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells......Page 505
Arousal......Page 507
Surgery......Page 530
Glossary......Page 509
Hyperacuity......Page 512
Contrast Sensitivity Function......Page 517
Ocular Astigmatism During Near Work......Page 526
Specialized Notations for Specifying Astigmatic Refraction......Page 527
Correction and Prevention: Clinical Management of Myopia......Page 537
Positive Additions for Nearwork......Page 538
Correction and Prevention: Clinical Management of Myopia?......Page 539
Acknowledgments......Page 543
Examination Techniques of Hyperopia......Page 546
Further Reading......Page 549
Subject Index......Page 550