The effect of cationic surfactants on the bilayer phase transition of phospholipid vesicles was studied. Two types of acidic phospholipids, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol, with different acyl chain length were examined. Cationic surfactants were aikyltrimethylammonium bromides with diffe
Oceanic responses to gradual transitions of equator-to-pole temperature-gradients
โ Scribed by W. Cai; P. C. Chu
- Publisher
- John Wiley and Sons
- Year
- 1998
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 898 KB
- Volume
- 124
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 0035-9009
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โฆ Synopsis
Abstract
Responses of an ocean model to gradual transitions of equatorโtoโpole gradients show that several quasiโequilibrium states within the thermally driven regime are generated under identical forcing conditions. These different states are associated with different patterns (the location and the penetration depth) of oceanic convection. Small changes in the thermal forcing conditions can push the system into an oscillatory regime. Once in this regime, oscillations appear to proceed as internal processes. One important implication of these results is that the presentโday ocean climate may not recover fully if the atmospheric CO~2~ level, after doubling, is lowered to the presentโday level.
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