<p><i>Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics</i> provides a broad theoretical framework upon which graduate students and upper-level undergraduates can formulate an understanding of the processes that control the mean concentration and distribution of biologically utilized elements and compounds in the ocean
Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics
β Scribed by Jorge L. Sarmiento; Nicolas Gruber
- Publisher
- Princeton University Press
- Year
- 2006
- Tongue
- English
- Leaves
- 527
- Category
- Library
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
β¦ Synopsis
Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics provides a broad theoretical framework upon which graduate students and upper-level undergraduates can formulate an understanding of the processes that control the mean concentration and distribution of biologically utilized elements and compounds in the ocean. Though it is written as a textbook, it will also be of interest to more advanced scientists as a wide-ranging synthesis of our present understanding of ocean biogeochemical processes. The first two chapters of the book provide an introductory overview of biogeochemical and physical oceanography. The next four chapters concentrate on processes at the air-sea interface, the production of organic matter in the upper ocean, the remineralization of organic matter in the water column, and the processing of organic matter in the sediments. The focus of these chapters is on analyzing the cycles of organic carbon, oxygen, and nutrients. The next three chapters round out the authors' coverage of ocean biogeochemical cycles with discussions of silica, dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, and CaCO3. The final chapter discusses applications of ocean biogeochemistry to our understanding of the role of the ocean carbon cycle in interannual to decadal variability, paleoclimatology, and the anthropogenic carbon budget. The problem sets included at the end of each chapter encourage students to ask critical questions in this exciting new field. While much of the approach is mathematical, the math is at a level that should be accessible to students with a year or two of college level mathematics and/or physics.
β¦ Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
PREFACE
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Chemical Composition of the Ocean
1.2 Distribution of Chemicals in the Ocean
1.3 Chapter Conclusion and Outline of Book
Problems
Chapter 2: Tracer Conservation and Ocean Transport
2.1 Tracer Conservation Equation
Advection and Diffusion Components
Application to Box Models
2.2 Wind-Driven Circulation
Equations of Motion
Ekman Transport
Gyre Circulation
2.3 Wind-Driven Circulation in the Stratified Ocean
Basic Concepts
Ocean Stratification
Geostrophic Equations
Gyre Circulation with Stratification
Insights from the Potential Vorticity Distribution
Insights from Tracers
Insights from the Thermal Wind Relationship
2.4 Deep Ocean Circulation
Observations
Models
Summary of Deep Ocean Circulation
2.5 Time-Varying Flows
Mesoscale Variability
Interannual to Decadal Variability
Tropical Variability
Extratropical Variability
Problems
Chapter 3: Air-Sea Interface
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gas Solubilities
3.3 Gas Exchange
Stagnant Film Model
Laboratory Studies
Field Studies
Gas Transfer Velocity Models
3.4 Applications
Problems
Chapter 4: Organic Matter Production
4.1 Introduction
Nutrient Supply
Light
Efficiency of the Biological Pump
Outline
4.2 Ecosystem Processes
Nutrients
Composition of Organic Matter
Limiting Nutrient
Paradigm of Surface Ocean Nitrogen Cycling
Phytoplankton
Classification of Organisms
Phytoplankton Distribution and Productivity
Modeling Photosynthesis
Zooplankton
Bacteria
4.3 Analysis of Ecosystem Behavior
Role of Light Supply
Classical Ecosystem Models
NβP ModelβBottom-up Limitation
NβPβZ ModelβTop-Down Limitation
Adding the Microbial Loop
Multiple Size Class Ecosystem Models
The Model
Influence of Micronutrients
Applications
North Pacific versus North Atlantic
Oligotrophic Region
4.4 A Synthesis
The Regeneration Loop
The Export Pathway
The Role of Iron
Conclusions
Problems
Chapter 5: Organic Matter Export and Remineralization
5.1 Introduction
Nutrient and Oxygen Distributions
Remineralizaton Reactions
Preformed and Remineralized Components
Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter
Outline
5.2 Oxygen
Separation of Preformed and Remineralized Components
Deep Ocean Oxygen Utilization Rates
Thermocline Oxygen Utilization Rates
5.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Stoichiometric Ratios
Phosphate
The Nitrogen Cycle
N as a Tracer of Denitrification
N as a Tracer of N2 Fixation
The Oceanic Nitrogen Budget
Nitrous Oxide
5.4 Organic Matter Cycling
Particulate Organic Matter
Overview
Particle Flux
The Role of Ballast
Particle Remineralization
Models of Particle Interactions
Dissolved Organic Matter
5.5 Models
Model Development
Sensitivity Studies
Applications: Control of Oceanic Oxygen
Problems
Chapter 6: Remineralization and Burial in the Sediments
6.1 Introduction
Observations
Sediment Properties and Processes
Remineralization Reactions
6.2 Sediment Diagenesis Models
Pore Waters
Solids
6.3 Remineralization
Oxic Sediments
Anoxic Sediments
Dissolved Organic Carbon
6.4 Burial
The Substrate
The Oxidant
Protection by Mineral Adsorption
Synthesis
6.5 Organic Matter Budget
Problems
Chapter 7: Silicate Cycle
7.1 Introduction
Water Column Observations
Sediment Observations
Outline
7.2 Euphotic Zone
Diatoms
Opal Production and Export
7.3 Water Column
Opal
Silicic Acid
7.4 Sediments
Opal Dissolution and Burial
Opal Chemistry
7.5 Conclusion
Overview
Marine Si Budget
Long-Term Homeostasis
Problems
Chapter 8: Carbon Cycle
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Inorganic Carbon Chemistry
8.3 The Surface Ocean
Annual Mean Distribution
Physical Processes
Biological Processes
Vector Diagrams
Seasonal Variability
Subtropical Gyres
North Atlantic
North Pacific
8.4 Water Column
Outline
Pump Components
The Biological Pumps
The Gas Exchange Pump
Global Mean
Atlantic versus Pacific
8.5 Carbon Pumps and Surface Fluxes
Problems
Chapter 9: Calcium Carbonate Cycle
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Production
Organisms
Export Estimates
Inorganic-to-Organic Carbon Export Ratio
9.3 Water Column Processes
CaCO3 Solubility
Variations in Saturation State
Carbonate Ion Distribution
Water Column Dissolution
9.4 Diagenesis
CaCO3 Dissolution in Sediments
Modeling CaCO3 Diagenesis
Model Applications
Concluding Remarks
9.5 Calcium Carbonate Compensation
CaCO3 Homeostat
CaCO3 Compensation
Problems
Chapter 10: Carbon Cycle, CO2, and Climate
10.1 Introduction
Greenhouse Effect
Global Warming
Outline
10.2 The Anthropogenic Perturbation
Capacity Constraints
Buffering by Dissolved Carbonate
Buffering by Sediment CaCO3
Buffering by Weathering
Kinetic Constraints
Atmospheric Pulse Response
Ocean Uptake and Buffering with Dissolved Carbonate
Buffering by Sediment CaCO3
Anthropogenic CO2 Uptake
Direct Estimation
Reconstruction of Anthropogenic CO2 Inventory
The Atmospheric Oxygen Method
The Role of Biology
Future CO2 Uptake
10.3 Interannual to Decadal Timescale Variability
Tropical Variability
Extratropical Variability
10.4 Glacial-Interglacial Atmospheric CO2 Changes
Setting the Scene
Terrestrial Biosphere Carbon Loss
Salinity Changes
Temperature Changes
Fundamental Mechanisms
Southern Ocean Dominance
Equilibration of Low-Latitude Changes
Closing the Southern Ocean Window
Physical Mechanisms
Biological Mechanisms
Observational Constraints
A Role for the Regions outside the Southern Ocean?
Circulation Scenarios
Soft-Tissue Pump Scenarios
Alkalinity and Carbonate Pump Scenarios
A Synthesis Scenario
Problems
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
INDEX
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