Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease

✍ Scribed by Edited by Johanna Feary, Hille Suojalehto and Paul Cullinan

• Publisher: European Respiratory Society
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 350
• Series: ERS monograph November 2020
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Blank Page
ERM_0_89_WEB.pdf
Preface
Guest Editors
Johanna Feary
Hille Suojalehto
Paul Cullinan
Introduction
References
The global perspective of occupational lung disease
Abstract
The changing nature of the world at work
Global patterns and burden of OLDs
Mortality, morbidity and disability
Pneumoconioses
WRA
Occupational COPD
Occupational lung cancer and mesothelioma
Occupational respiratory infections
Risk factors for OLDs
Surveillance systems for OLDs
Conclusion
References
Exposure assessment
Abstract
Occupational exposure
Conceptual exposure model
Inhalation exposure
Relevant exposure periods and work histories
Exposure assessment
Qualitative assessment
Exposure measurements
Sampling strategies
Risk assessment and management
Hierarchy of control
Conclusion
References
Sensitiser-induced occupational asthma
Abstract
Causal agents
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Current issues in diagnosing OA
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical history
NSBH and markers of airway inflammation
Immunological testing
Serial measurements of functional parameters
Serial assessments of airway inflammation markers
SICs
Evidence-based diagnostic algorithm
Outcome
Management
Health and socioeconomic impacts
Prevention
Primary prevention
Screening and surveillance
Conclusion
References
Work-exacerbated asthma
Abstract
Definition
Prevalence
Causative agents and occupations
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Onset and presence of asthma
Clinical presentation
Differentiating WEA from OA
Identifying exacerbation triggers
Other diagnostic mimics
Irritant-induced asthma
OB
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
ILO
Outcomes
Socioeconomic impact
Health outcomes
Prevention and workplace management
Management of individuals with WEA
Compensation
Conclusion
References
Acute inhalation injury
Abstract
Determinants of the body's response to inhaled material
What might happen acutely?
Asphyxiation
CO2 and volcanoes
CO poisoning
Hydrogen sulfide
Cyanide (hydrogen cyanide)
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Upper airways irritation and laryngeal oedema
Cough and sputum
Airway burns and inhalation of fire smoke
Irritant-induced asthmas
Tracheal and bronchial toxicity due to sulfur mustard
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonitis
Pulmonary oedema
Vaping
Pulmonary haemorrhage
Management
Prognosis
Conclusion and principles of management
References
The impact on the aetiology of COPD, bronchitis and bronchiolitis
Abstract
Definition of COPD
Occupational risk factors
COPD and chronic bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Non-occupational risk factors
Household air pollution from biomass burning and COPD
Other non-occupational risk factors for COPD
Smoking and air pollution
Lung function growth
Genes
Summary
Assessment of aetiology on an individual level: the clinical case
Conclusion
References
Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Abstract
Epidemiology
Causation
Additional risk factors
Immunopathogenesis
Clinical assessment
History and examination
Laboratory tests
Pulmonary function tests
Imaging
BAL
Biopsy
Pathological findings
SIC and antigen avoidance test
Workplace investigations
Management
Reduction of exposure
Immunosuppression
Antifibrotic medication
Other therapy
Lung transplantation
Prognosis
Quality of life
Conclusion
References
Asbestosis
Abstract
History and examination findings
Clinical findings of asbestosis
Quantifying asbestos exposure
Investigations
Spirometry and respiratory function tests
Cardiopulmonary tests
Chest radiography
CT scan
Diagnosis
Demonstrating asbestos causation
Excluding alternative causes
IPF
Tobacco smoke exposure
Other pneumoconioses
Other differentials
Management
Clinical management
Compensation
Future directions
Biomarkers of asbestos exposure and susceptibility
Radiology
Antifibrotic therapy
Conclusion
References
Non-malignant pleural disease from asbestos and malignant pleural mesothelioma
Abstract
Asbestos
Pleural plaques
BAPE
Asbestos-induced DPF/thickening
Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura
References
Silicosis and other silica-related lung disorders
Abstract
Silica and silicates: what is the difference and does it matter?
Mechanisms of damage caused by silica
Sources of exposure to RCS
Well-known industries
Less well-known industries
New and unusual silica exposures
Artificial (engineered) stone silicosis
Low dose/environmental exposures
Small workplaces
Assessing exposure
Taking an occupational history
Assessment of dust exposure in an occupational setting
Assessment of dust exposure: identification of dust particles in human tissues/fluids
Silicosis
Clinical aspects
Classification
Chronic silicosis
Simple or ordinary silicosis
Complicated silicosis
Accelerated silicosis
Acute silicosis
COPD and the role of tobacco smoking
Rheumatoid silicotic nodules (Caplan's syndrome)
Mixed-dust fibrosis/mixed-dust pneumoconiosis
Clinical investigation of silicosis
Clinical examination
Blood tests
Differential diagnosis
Imaging
Lung function testing
Noninvasive testing
Bronchoscopy, BAL and endobronchial ultrasound
Nuclear medicine techniques
Endoscopic bronchial ultrasound
Lung biopsy and tissue analysis
Other silica-related disorders
“Lymph node silicosis”
Connective tissue diseases with silica exposure
Sarcoidosis and silicosis
Diffuse dust-related pulmonary fibrosis
Respiratory infections including tuberculous mycobacteria and fungal diseases
Lung cancer
Other diseases
The role of surveillance in the early detection of silicosis
Treatment of silicosis
Conclusion
References
References
Coal mine dust lung disease
Abstract
Epidemiology
Manifestations of CMDLD
Classical CWP
Mixed-dust pneumoconiosis and silicosis in coal miners
Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis
COPD and lung function impairment
DDF
Rheumatoid pneumoconiosis
Lung cancer
Other lung diseases associated with coal mine work
Clinical evaluation
Presentation
Exposure history
Host susceptibility
Chest imaging
Pattern of lung function impairment
Pathology
Confirming the diagnosis
Management
Prevention
Conclusion
References
Pneumoconiosis and interstitial lung diseases caused by inorganic dust
Abstract
Metals, metalloids and metal oxides
Aluminium
Pathology
Radiology
Lung function and prognosis
Cadmium
Acute cadmium pneumonitis
Symptoms and pathology
Prognosis
Chronic cadmium disease
Symptoms and pathology
Radiology and lung function
Prognosis
Indium
Pathology
Symptoms, radiology and lung function
Prognosis
Iron
Pathology
Radiology and lung function
Prognosis
Rare earth metals
Pathology
Radiology and lung function
Prognosis
Titanium
Pathology
Lung function and radiology
Prognosis
Uranium
Zirconium and hafnium
Pathology
Symptoms, radiology and lung function
Minerals
Kaolin (china clay)
Pathology
Lung function and radiology
Prognosis
Mica
Pathology
Radiology and lung function
Prognosis
Talc
Pathology
Radiology and lung function
Prognosis
Man-made vitreous fibres
Nanoparticles
Conclusion
References
Cotton, other bioaerosols, inhalation fevers and occupational organising pneumonia
Abstract
Bioaerosols
Cotton
Byssinosis
Longitudinal workplace-based studies in cotton workers
Cross-shift changes in lung function
Cross-sectional studies
Other respiratory problems associated with cotton dust exposure
Bronchitis
Asthma
Proposed mechanisms
Interventions
Health surveillance and periodic medical examination
Prevention of byssinosis
Mill fever
Pontiac fever
ODTS
Other bioaerosol exposures
Waste and recycling
Biomass-related illness
Metal and polymer fume fevers
Metal fume fever
Polymer fume fever
Occupational cryptogenic OP
Conclusion
References
Granulomatous and allied disorders
Abstract
Beryllium
CBD
Imaging
Lung function
Be-LPT
Histopathology
Treatment
Disease mechanism
Genetic determinants of CBD
Prevention
Other lung disease due to beryllium
Other metal-induced lung disease
Cobalt: hard metal disease
Zirconium
World Trade Center granulomatous disease
Other respiratory sequelae of the World Trade Center disaster
Conclusion
References
Interstitial lung disease in welders
Abstract
Occupational history
Types of welding
Arc welding
MMA welding
MIG welding
TIG welding
Oxyacetylene welding
Fume and secondary pollutant gases from welding
Prevention of exposure
Medical aspects with a focus on respiratory effects of welding fume exposure
Acute exposure
Long-term exposure
Pathological research
Radiological research
Epidemiological research
Airways disease
Pneumonia
Asthma
Lung cancer
Smoking
Management of welders with a respiratory presentation
Clinical management
Exposure assessment
Occupational management
Legal aspects and compensation
Conclusion
References
Lung cancer and occupation
Abstract
How many lung cancer cases are due to occupational exposures?
IRAC evaluations of human carcinogenicity
Understanding the occupational origin of lung cancer
Establishing causality
Compensation for lung cancer as an occupational disease
Conclusion
References
Diving
Abstract
Changes in respiratory physiology that occur in diving
Gas compression
CO2 retainers
Hydrostatic effects of immersion
Effect of equipment
Acute diving-related problems that involve the lungs
Drowning
Hypoxia
Clinical features
Investigation
Differential diagnoses
Management
Pulmonary barotrauma of descent (lung squeeze)
Clinical features
Investigation
Differential diagnoses
Management
Pulmonary barotrauma of ascent (pulmonary over-inflation syndrome)
Clinical features
Investigation
Management
DCI
Clinical features
Investigation
Differential diagnoses
Management
Legal aspects and compensation
O2 toxicity
Clinical features
Investigation
Differential diagnoses
Management
Hypercapnia
Clinical features
Investigation
Differential diagnoses
Management
Immersion pulmonary oedema
Clinical features
Investigation
Differential diagnoses
Management
Saltwater aspiration syndrome
Clinical features
Investigation
Differential diagnoses
Management
Respiratory heat loss and respiratory shock
Clinical features
Investigation
Management
Underwater blast
Clinical features
Investigation
Management
Long-term pulmonary effects
Respiratory aspects of fitness to dive
Asthma
Immersion pulmonary oedema
Pulmonary barotrauma of ascent/bullae/blebs
Pneumothorax
DCI
COVID-19
Conclusion
References
Working at high altitude
Abstract
The high-altitude environment
Normal physiological responses to high altitude
Acute altitude illness
General principles
Epidemiology and risk factors
Clinical syndromes
Prevention
Treatment
Other medical problems at high altitude
Work performance in hypobaric hypoxia at high altitude
Travelling with underlying medical problems
General principles
Specific conditions
Asthma
COPD
Coronary artery disease
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Pregnancy
Sickle cell disease
Pre-travel evaluation
Altitude-illness prevention
Counselling regarding underlying medical problems
Conclusion
References
Outdoor environment
Abstract
Global distribution of air pollution
Global disease burden
Respiratory health and outdoor air pollution
Respiratory health effects of long-term air pollution exposure
Asthma
Lung function
COPD
Low-dose effect
Gene–environment interactions
Respiratory health and outdoor allergens
Respiratory health effects of outdoor allergens and potential interactions with air pollutants
Pollen
Fungal spores
Airborne allergen counts versus airborne allergen concentrations
Acute asthma outbreaks due to environmental phenomena
Can individuals protect themselves from outdoor air pollution and allergens?
Conclusion
References
Indoor environment
Abstract
Humidity and temperature
Radon
Damp and mould
Dust and indoor air quality in kindergartens and schools
Other aspects of indoor allergen exposure
Environmental tobacco smoke and electronic cigarettes
Third-hand smoke
Solid biomass fuel emissions
Air cleaners
Cleaning agents
Sick building syndrome
Laser printer emissions
Fume and smell events and aerotoxic syndrome
Multiple chemical sensitivity
Further resources
References
Blank Page