BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 3
COPYRIGHT......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
FREE RADICALS......Page 10
MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS......Page 12
VITAMIN E......Page 13
Cardiovascular disease......Page 14
MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS......Page 15
Other diseases......Page 16
VITAMIN C......Page 17
Cancer......Page 19
Cardiovascular disease......Page 20
PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS......Page 21
SELENIUM......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 25
INTRODUCTION......Page 40
Carotenoid chemistry......Page 41
Carotenoid absorption and transport......Page 42
ROLE OF CAROTENOIDS IN HEALTH......Page 44
CAROTENOIDS AND CANCER......Page 47
Lung cancer......Page 48
Prostate cancer......Page 49
Other cancers......Page 50
CAROTENOIDS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE......Page 51
Cataracts......Page 53
Interactions between carotenoids and ethanol......Page 54
CONCLUSIONS......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 56
The basic enzymology of chemical detoxification......Page 63
Interaction of nutrition with xenobiotic metabolism......Page 65
LEVELS AND ACTIVITIES OF CYTOCHROMES P-450......Page 68
PROVISION OF REDUCING EQUIVALENTS FOR THE MIXED-FUNCTION OXIDASE......Page 71
AVAILABILITY OF CONJUGATING GROUPS......Page 72
TRANSCRIPTIONAL INFLUENCES......Page 73
NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCE ON ENDOPLASMATIC MEMBRANES......Page 74
PLANT CONSTITUENTSโDIETARY INHIBITORS......Page 75
CONCLUSIONS......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
INTRODUCTION......Page 83
PLANT TRANSFORMATION......Page 84
Insect protection......Page 86
Virus protection......Page 89
Selectivity to herbicides......Page 90
FOOD QUALITY ENHANCEMENTS......Page 91
Proteins......Page 92
Eliminating food components......Page 93
FOOD, FEED AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS......Page 94
REFERENCES......Page 97
CLASSIFICATION......Page 100
Mechanism......Page 101
Symptoms......Page 103
Common allergenic foods and food ingredients......Page 105
Diagnosis......Page 107
Treatment......Page 108
Prevention......Page 109
Impact of agricultural biotechnology......Page 110
Prevalence......Page 111
Treatment......Page 112
METABOLIC FOOD DISORDERS......Page 113
Favism......Page 114
Sulfite-induced asthma......Page 115
Tartrazine sensitivity......Page 116
Other idiosyncratic reactions......Page 117
Symptoms......Page 118
CONCLUSIONS......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 120
6 ETHANOL TOXICITY AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS......Page 128
MALNUTRITION AS A FACTOR OF ETHANOL RELATED TOXICITY IN VARIOUS DISEASES......Page 129
INTERACTIONS OF ETHANOL WITH SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS......Page 131
Effects of ethanol on energy metabolism......Page 132
Vitamin A......Page 135
Vitamin D......Page 137
Vitamin E......Page 138
B-complex vitamins......Page 139
Folate......Page 142
Vitamin C......Page 143
Alcohol and methyl group metabolism......Page 144
Zinc......Page 145
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 148
II. PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION......Page 160
III. BIOAVAILABILITY AND METABOLISM......Page 164
IV. INTERACTION EFFECTS ON DRUG ABSORPTION......Page 167
V. DISEASES AND DRUG INTERACTIONSโABSORPTION......Page 168
VI. MEDICAL NUTRITION......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 173
EARLY ANIMAL STUDIES......Page 177
EARLY HUMAN STUDIES......Page 180
SITOSTANOL STUDIES......Page 181
PHYTOSTEROLS AND CANCER......Page 184
TOXICOLOGY......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 188
9 THRESHOLD OF REGULATION: A UNIFYING CONCEPT IN FOOD SAFETY ASSESSMENT......Page 194
DRUGS USED IN FOOD-PRODUCING ANIMALS......Page 195
DIRECT FOOD AND COLOR ADDITIVES......Page 196
MIGRANTS FROM FOOD PACKAGING MATERIAL......Page 197
THE CONSTITUENTS POLICY AND CHEMICAL SPECIFICATIONS......Page 199
TRADITIONAL FOODS......Page 201
FOODS DERIVED FROM NEW PLANT VARIETIES......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
INTRODUCTION......Page 206
Microorganisms......Page 207
Plants......Page 210
Animals......Page 212
Microorganisms......Page 213
Plants......Page 215
Animals......Page 217
In general......Page 218
Source......Page 221
Method of production and/or preparation......Page 222
Substantial equivalence......Page 223
Safety consideration of dietary DNA and RNA......Page 224
Toxicological studies......Page 225
CONCLUSION......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
INTRODUCTION......Page 231
Legal basis of OTC drug availability......Page 232
Scientific documentation as the basis for OTCness......Page 233
Safety, effectiveness and labeling as the cornerstones of OTCness......Page 234
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS......Page 235
Legal standard for dietary supplement availability......Page 236
Scientific documentation of dietary supplement safety......Page 237
Application of FDAโs OTC warning policy to dietary supplements......Page 238
Benefit claims and scientific substantiation......Page 239
POST-MARKETING RISK MANAGEMENT OF SELF-CARE PRODUCTS......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 243
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 245
Foods and drugs......Page 246
Medical foods......Page 247
Dietary supplements......Page 248
Health claims......Page 250
Structure/function claims for food and dietary supplements......Page 253
Claims made in advertising......Page 257
IV. ESTABLISHING THE SAFETY OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS......Page 259
Harmonization of standards applied to claims......Page 261
FDA notifications for health claims......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
FOOD CHEMICAL RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 265
RISK ESTIMATION......Page 267
Per capita method for intake assessments......Page 268
Total diet study method for intake assessments......Page 270
Model diet method for intake assessments......Page 272
Surveillance methods for intake assessments......Page 274
ESTIMATING LEVELS AND OCCURRENCES OF FOOD CHEMICALS......Page 277
POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE......Page 278
Pesticides......Page 279
DIETARY INTAKE OF FOOD ADDITIVES......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 284
14 POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY: THE ASPARTAME CASE STUDY......Page 289
POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE: CONSUMPTION......Page 290
Aspartame consumption in the United States......Page 291
United Kingdom......Page 292
France......Page 293
Conclusions: postmarketing surveillance of aspartame consumption......Page 294
POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE: ANECDOTAL REPORTS OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 295
FDA Adverse Reaction Monitoring System (ARMS) evaluation......Page 296
Company system for health report evaluation......Page 298
Research to evaluate allegations of health effects from aspartame......Page 300
Brain function: neurotransmission, cognition, behavior, mood, and seizures......Page 301
Epidemiological trends in brain tumors......Page 302
Animal carcinogenicity studies......Page 304
Reviews by epidemiologists......Page 306
The Internet and misinformation......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 309
DEFINITION OF THE TERM โFLAVORโ......Page 318
Flavor regulation in the United States......Page 323
The safety standard......Page 326
The experts and general recognition......Page 327
Documentation of scientific procedures and the burden of proof......Page 328
Restrictions ensuring safe conditions of use......Page 329
The role of the independent expert panels......Page 330
The role of other agencies in flavor regulation......Page 331
Joint (FAO/WHO) committee on food additives and contaminants......Page 332
EC scientific committee on food......Page 334
The Council of Europe......Page 335
Other nations......Page 336
Remaining issues......Page 337
REFERENCES......Page 338
16 FOOD IRRADIATION......Page 340
PHYSICAL ASPECTS......Page 341
TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS......Page 342
Applications of low-dose irradiation (<1 kGy)......Page 343
Applications of intermediate-dose irradiation (1โ10 kGy)......Page 344
Applications of high-dose irradiation (>10kGy)......Page 345
Irradiation facilities......Page 346
Dosimetry......Page 347
Identification of irradiated food......Page 348
Measurements of electrical conductivity......Page 349
Determination of supercooling temperature......Page 350
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy......Page 351
Chemiluminescence......Page 353
Thermoluminescence......Page 354
3. Biological and microbiological methods......Page 355
Protein electrophoresis......Page 356
Other methods......Page 357
RADIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS......Page 358
TOXICOLOGIC AND SAFETY ASPECTS......Page 362
Toxicology of radiolytic products......Page 364
Toxicology of irradiated carbohydrates......Page 365
Toxicology of irradiated spices and condiments......Page 366
Toxicology of irradiated meat and poultry......Page 367
Studies showing apparent toxic effects......Page 368
NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS......Page 370
MICROBIOLOGIC ASPECTS......Page 372
ECONOMIC ASPECTS......Page 375
REGULATORY ASPECTS......Page 376
REFERENCES......Page 378
CAUSES OF HUMAN CANCER......Page 386
MODE OF ACTION FOR CARCINOGENS......Page 387
CLASSIFICATION OF CARCINOGENS......Page 388
Food and color additives......Page 389
Animal drugs......Page 391
Pesticides......Page 392
MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 393
Species differences......Page 394
HORMONE SYNTHESIS......Page 395
THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM......Page 396
Gastrointestinal tract neoplasia......Page 401
Bladder......Page 403
Peroxisome proliferators......Page 405
Microsomal enzyme inducers......Page 406
CONCLUSIONS......Page 408
REFERENCES......Page 409
INDEX......Page 420